IBRAHIM 107 ICE IBRAHIM, sultan of the Turks, son of Achmet ; succeeded his brother Achmet IV. in 1640. He besieged and took the capital of Candia from the Venetians in 1644; but his cruelties and debaucheries were so great that the soldiers strangled him in 1649. IBRAHIM PASHA, a viceroy of Egypt; born in Cavella, Albania, in 1789. He was stepson and successor of Mehemet Ali. In 1819 he became gen- eralissimo of the Egyptian army. In the course of a few campaigns he completely defeated the Wahabees in Arabia. He invaded the Morea in 1825, but the inter- vention of the Powers in the affairs of HENRIK IBSEN Greece compelled him to abandon his enterprise in 1828. Mehemet Ali having conceived the design of adding Syria to his dominions, Ibrahim crossed the Egyptian border with an army in Octo- ber, 1831, took Acre by storm, and quickly made himself master of the whole of Syria. A peace was concluded on May 4, 1833, the Turks not only con- senting to give up Syria, but also making over Adana to Ibrahim personally, on a kind of lease. When war broke out again between Mehemet Ali and the Sul- tan in 1839, Ibrahim was again success- ful, totally routing the Turks in the great battle of Nisib. The interference of the great Powers eventually compelled him to relinquish all his Syrian con- quests and return to Egypt. In^ 1848 he was installed by the Porte as viceroy of Egypt; but he died in Cairo, Nov. 9, 1848. IBSEN, HENRIK (ib'sen), a Norwe- gian novelist and dramatist; born in Skien, Norway, in 1828. His youth was passed in extreme poverty. At 16 he left school and became an apprentice in a drug store at Grimstad. He made sev- eral unsuccessful literary attempts, abandoned medicine, and finally, in 18.51. was appointed by Ole Bull director of the National Theater at Bergen. In 1858 he became artistic director of the Norwegian Theater at Christiania. His best known dramas are: "The Doll's House," "Brand," "Hedda Gablev.'^ "Ghosts," and "Pillars of Society." His plays are noted for discussions of social matters. He died May 22, 1906. IBZAN, the 10th judge of Israel, in 1182 B. c. His property is marked by the great number of his childi-en (30 sons and 30 daughtei's), and his wealth by their marriages — for they were all married. ICA (e'ka), a government department of Peru; area 8,718 square miles. It is well watered, fertile and of growing im^ portance. Pop. about 100,000. ICA (e-sa'), a river rising in Colom- bia and flowing about 1,000 miles through Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil. It empties into the Amazon. ICARIAN SEA (e-kar'-e-an) , a por- tion of the JEgean sea, near the islands of Myconus and Gyarus, and by some supposed to be named for Icarus, who fell into it and was drowned. It ex- tended from Chios to Cos, where the Carpathian sea began. ICARUS (e-kar'us), in Greek legend, a son of Dsedalus, who with his father fled with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high proved fatal to him, for the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings and he fell into that part of the .^gean sea which bears his name. ICE, water in solid form. It is spe- cifically lighter than water which is just about to freeze, and therefore floats in it. The formation of ice takes place generally at the surface of water. This is owing to the peculiarity that, when water has (at the ordinary atmospheric pressure) cooled down to within 3.9° C. of freezing, it ceases to contract as it did before with increase of cold, and be- gins to expand till it freezes (see Heat). In some instances, not very well ex- plained, ice forms at the bottom of rivers and is called ground-ice or anchor- ice.
