IDAHO UNIVEBSITY 114 IDEALISM and other industries. There is a Car- neei© library and other public buildings. Pop. (1910) 4^27; (1920) 8,064. IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF, a coedu- cational, non-sectarian institution in Moscow, Ida.; founded in 1889; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and in- structors, 80; students, 782; volumes in the library, 45,000; productive funds, $6,000,000; income, $684,000; president, Ernest Hiram Lindley, Ph. D. IDALIUM (id-al'yum), now Dali, a promontory of the E. coast of Cyprus on which was a celebrated temple of Venus; hence her surname "Idalia." IDDESLEIGH, STAFFORD HENRY NORTHCOTE, 1st EARL OF (id'des- li), an English statesman; born in 1818. He was educated at Balliol College, Ox- ford, became private secretary to Glad- stone in 1843, and was called to the bar in 1847. In 1851 he succeeded his grand- father in the family baronetcy. He held various offices, being long member for North Devon. He published a treatise, "Tv/enty Years of Financial Policy," in 1862. He was made special commis- sioner to the United States to arrange the "Alabama" difficulty. Subsequently he was secretary for India (1867-1868) and chancellor of the exchequer (1874- 1880). Upon Mr. Disraeli's elevation to the peerage he became leader of the Lower House. He was elected lord rec- tor of Edinburgh University in 1883. Lord Salisbury having undertaken to form a government, he was created (1885) Earl of Iddesleigh, and became first lord of the ti'easury. He died in 1887. IDE, HENRY CLAY, an American diplomat; born at Barnet, Vt., in 1844. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1866. He was admitted to the bar and was State's attorney of Vermont from 1876 to 1878. From 1882 to 1885 he was a member of the Vermont Senate. He was United States Commissioner to Samoa in 1891 and was Chief Justice of Samoa under joint appointment of Eng- land, Germany and the United States from 1893 to 1897. He was a member of the Commission to establish civil gov- ernment in the Philippines in 1900, and was Secretary of Finance and Justice in the Philippines in 1901. He acted as Vice-Governor in 1904-1905, acting gov- ernor in 1905-1906, and Governor-Gen- eral in 1906. He was Minister to Spain from 1909 to 1913. He wrote several volumes on the administration and gov- ernment in the Philippines and contrib- uted articles to various publications. IDE, a fish of the carp family, the Leuciscus idiis, found in rocky lakes of Northern Europe. It is a good table fish. IDEA, a mental image, form, or repre- sentation of anything. The word idea has been taken in very many and very, different senses, the history of which would be a history of philosophy. Aris- totle (384-322 B. C.) taught that though the One, apart from and beside the many, does not exist, none the less must a unity be assumed as (objectively^) present in the many; and the Stoics (Zeno, 355-263 B. C.) maintained the doc- trines of subjective concepts formed through abstraction. According to Plu- tarch of Chseronea (toward the end of the 1st century), the ideas were inter- mediate between God and the world; they were the pattern and God the ef- ficient cause. For Plotinus (203-270) the primordial essence was elevated above the Platonic ideas, which were emanations from the One. St. Thomas of Aquin (1227-1274) recognizes a form in which the universal exists before things — viz., as ideas in the divine mind. For Descartes (1596-1650), "ideas are the forms of things received into the soul"; for Spinoza (1632-1677) the "con- cepts formed by the mind as a thinking thing"; and Locke (1632-1704) says, " whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or is the immediate object of perception, thought, or understanding, that I call an idea." In the philosophy of Leibnitz (1646-1716) ideas are the active forces of his monads; Berkeley (1684-1753) used the word as equivalent to phenome- non; Hume (1711-1776) defines ideas as "copies of perceptions," and Condillac (1715-1780) as "mental representations of objects of apprehension." Kant (1724-1804) gives the name of ideas to those "necessary conceptions of the rea- son for which no corresponding real ob- jects can be given in the sphere of the senses." According to Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), an idea is a "contraction, or motion, or configuration of the fibers which constitute the immediate organs of sense." James Mill (1773-1836) calls ideas "what remain after sensation has gone," and Herbart (1776-1841) "typi- cal conceptions." Schopenhauer (1788- 1860) posits as intermediate between the universal will and the individual in v/hieh it appears, various ideas as real species forming stages in the objectifica- tion of the will. IDEALISM, the name given to certain philosophical systems which deny the in- dividual existence of object apart from subject; or of both apart from God or
