INVEBTEBRATA 182 INVOCATION OF SAINTS presence of ferments, or by prolonged boiling with water. In geology, the overturning or folding over of strata by igneous agency, so that the order of their succession seems re- versed. In mathematics, the operation of changing the order of the terms, so that the antecedent shall take the place of the consequent and the reverse, in both coup- lets. Thus, from the proportion a : b
- : c: d, we have, by inversion, b : a
- : d : c.
In music, the transposition of certain phrases, having a common root. (1) The inversion of a chord is effected by making one of the inner notes act as a bass note, and by this means as many inversions can be made as there are actual notes in the chord, not counting the root. In such inversions the har- mony remains the same, though the order of component parts is changed. (2) Intervals are inverted by making that which was the upper note the lower, and the reverse. The inversion of an interval within the octave may readily be found in the difference between the figure 9 and the interval known; then an intetf-val of a second becomes a seventh by inversion, etc. (3) The inversion of a subject is produced by inverting the intervals of which it consists. INVERTEBRATA, a subdivision of the animal kingdom, containing the ani- mals which have no jointed, bony, or car- tilaginous spinal column, with a brain- case or limbs connected vvdth an internal skeleton. They are divided into the fol- lowing great groups or types: Mollusca, arthropoda, vermes, echinodermata, zoophyta, and protozoa, with two inter- mediate or connecting groups, the tunicata and the molluscoida. INVESTITUBE. If any bishop or other clergyman have the cure of souls and also a stipend, two elements, the one sacred and the other civil, exist in his position; and as nearly every spiritual act carries civil consequences, and nearly every civil act connected with his bene- fice has sacred effects, scarcely any prudence can avoid periodical collision between the ecclesiastical and the civil pov/er. From the papal point of view, and indeed from that of all Church func- tionaries, a great ecclesiastical end will be achieved if the State can be made an obedient handmaid of the Church. From the establishment of the Church under Constantine the Great, in the 4th cen- tury, the Roman functionaries increas- ingly interfered in ecclesiastical affairs, and by the 11th lay patronage had been much abused, and simony largely pre- vailed. The emperors, kings, and princee of Europe had been accustomed to confer the temporalities of the larger benefices and monasteries by the delivery of a ring and a staff, or crozier. When the bishop or abbot elect had received these, he carried them to the metropolitan, who returned them, to indicate that the Church had conferred on him sacred office. Pope Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) considered that a ring and a crozier were insignia of spiritual office, and not of its temporal accompaniments, the crozier symbolizing the pastoral charge and the ring the celestial mysteries. He there- fore wished the then reigning emperor, Henry IV., to desist from conferring in- vestitures in such a form, and threatened excommunication on any one conferring investitures or receiving them. The pon- tiff's legates and the emperor came to an arrangement at the Diet of Worms, 1122, one article of the treaty being that the emperor should confer the temporalities of a see or abbacy by some other symbols than the sacred ones of the ring and the crozier. INVOCATION, a judicial call, de- mand, or order; as, the invocation of papers into court. INVOCATION OP SAINTS. The au- thoritative statement of Roman doctrine on this subject is found in a decree of the Council of Trent (sess. 25, held Dec. 3 and 4, 1563), which ordains that "all bishops and others having the duty of teaching" should instruct the faithful: "That the saiuts reigning with Christ olTer ' their ijrayers to God for men ; that it is good uud useful to invoke them, and to have recourse to their prayers, succor, and assistance to obtain benefits from God through His Son Jesus Christ, l our Lord, who alone is our Iledeemer and Sa- viour." Here two propositions are laid down in the plainest possible manner: (1) That the saints do intercede for men; (2) the utility of asking such interces- sion. Theologians allege Scripture and tradition in support of the doctrine and practice (see Jer. xv: i; Luke xv: 7; Rev. v: 8, vi:9-ll, viii:3). Inscriptions in the Catacombs show that the practice was common in the Eai'ly Church, and mention of it is made by St. Gregory Nazianzen, St. Basil, St. Gregory Nyssen, St. Ambrose and St. Augustine. The de- votion of the Church is chiefly toward the saints who died after Christ. To the Maccabees alone is a feast celebrated in the whole Latin Church. Anglican Theology. — There were very many reasons why, when the "Articles of Religion" were "ratified and con- firmed," the separation between the Re- formed and Roman Churches should be made as marked as possible, and the 22d
