JOHNSTON 273 JOINT battle of Bull Run where he personally led a charge with the colors of the 4th Alabama Regiment in his hands. Dur- ing the autumn of 1861 he had a bitter controversy with Jefferson Davis, hold- ing that inasmuch as he had outranked Cooper, Albert S. Johnston, and Robert E. Lee in the United States army he was entitled to do so in the Confederate army. On March 12, 1863, he was or- dered to take immediate command of Bragg's army, but the condition of his health obliged him to decline the duty. In the operations of Grant before Vicks- burg he strove to prevent Pemberton from allowing himself to be shut up in Vicksburg, telegraphing him May 2d: "If Grant crosses, unite all your troops to beat him. Success will give back what was abandoned to win it." Again and again he sent similar orders to Pem- berton, but they were disobeyed; Pem- berton allowed himself to be shut up in Vicksburg, and the siege and surrender on July 4th followed. In December of the same year he took command of Bragg's army at Dalton, Ga., and by the spring of 1864 brought it to a state of efficiency which it had not had for a long time, though it contained only 45,- 000 men against Sherman's 98,797. The campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, a dis- tance of 100 miles, was a series of severe engagements without a general battle, and Johnston's friends claimed that "the retreat had been the masterpiece of Johnston's life, and one of the most skill- ful and successful that had ever been executed." On July 17, 1864, Johnston was succeeded in this command by Gen- eral Hood. After the war he engaged in business; was member of Congress in 1876-1878, and United States Commis- sioner of Railways in 1885-1889. He died in Washington, D. C, March 21, 1891. JOHNSTON, ROBERT MATTESON, an American historian. Born in Paris in 1867 he received his education in France, Germany and England. He graduated from Cambridge University in 1889 and entered upon the practice of law. In 1907-1908 he was professor of history at Bryn Mawr College and later became assistant professor of his- tory at Harvard. Among his works are: "The French Revolution" (1909); "Napoleon" (1904); "Bull Run" (1913). He died on Jan. 28, 1920. JOHNSTONE, a city of Scotland in Renfrewshire. It has important manu- factures of paper, shoes, iron, machin- ery, etc. Pop. about 12,000. JOHNSTOWN, a city and county-seat of Fulton CO., N. Y.; on Cayadutta creek. and on the Fonda, Johnstown and Glov- ersville railroad; 48 miles N. W. of Al- bany. There are electric lights and street railroads, high school, grist mills and extensive manufactures of gloves and mittens. It has several savings banks, daily, weekly and monthly peri- odicals. Pop. (1910) 10,447; (1920) 10,908. JOHNSTOWN, a city in Cambria co., Pa.; on the Conemaugh river and Stony creek, and on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads; 78 miles E. of Pittsburgh. It contains the great Cambria iron and ste<"l plant, wire, tin- plate, wall-paper, paint, cement, fire brick, and leather and woolen manufac- tories; is the mining, lumbering, stone working, farming, and manufacturing trade center for a region having a popu- lation of 225,000 ; is the seat of Cambria and JohnstoviTi Memorial Hospitals; and has National and other banks, electric light and street railroad plants, daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. On May 31, 1889, the city was the scene of a terrible disaster caused by the break- ing of the dam across the South Fork of the Conemaugh river, at a point 10 miles E. of the city. The entire valley was in a few minutes devastated and the city of Johnstown and its surrounding villages were practically swept away. Pop. (1910) 55,482; (1920) 67,327. JOHOR, a State of the Malay Penin- sula in the extreme S. and separated from Sumatra by the Straits of Molucca. It is an independent state, within the British sphere of influence. Formerly it was important as the distributing center of spices brought from the Moluccas en route for India and Europe. Singapore was formerly its capital and chief port, but the British succeeded in including it in the Straits Settlements which in 1867 was erected into a crown colony. Pop. about 200,000. JOHOR, or JOHORE BARTT. capital of the state of Johor, on the S. coast, opposite the middle of the island of Singapore; a free port; in 1866 a place composed of only a few huts; but now a town with about 18,000 inhabitants. JOINDER, in law, the joining or coupling of two things in one suit or ac- tion; also the joining or coupling of two or more parties as defendants in one suit; or the acceptance by a party in an action of the challenge laid down in his adversary's demurrer or last pleading. JOINT, in anatomy, the union of any two segments of an animal body, through the intervention of a structure or struc-
