HOBBEMA 27 HOCHE ler, 1896, he was elected Vice-President of the United States. He died in Pater- Eon, N. J., Nov. 21, 1899. HOBBEMA, MEINDERT or MIN- DEE.HOUT (hol/ema), a Dutch land- scape painter; born in Amsterdam in 1638. His paintings consist chiefly of forest scenes, ruins, villages, etc., and are highly valued for their excellence in perspective and coloring. The figures in them were generally painted by oth- ers. He died in 1709. HOBBES, JOHN OLIVER, pseudonym of Pearl Mary Teresa Craigie, an American novelist and dramatist; bom in Boston, Mass., Nov. 3, 1867. In 1887 she married Reginald Walpole Craigie, from whom she obtained a divorce and the custody of her child, in July, 1895. She was educated in Paris and London. Her works include: "Some Emotions and a Moral" (1891); "A Bundle of Life" (1894) ; "Journeys End in Lovers Meeting," proverb in one act, written for Miss Ellen Terry (1894) ; "The Gods, Some Mortals, and Lord Wickenham" (1895); "School for Saints" (1897); "Robert Orange" (1900). She died Aug. 3, 1906. HOBBES, THOMAS, an English phi- losopher; born in Malmesbury, in 1588. He lived on intimate terms with Bacon, Ben Jonson and all the distinguished men of his time; he became tutor to the Prince of Wales, afterward Charles IL, and though many of his philosophical and political opinions have been con- demned, he must be considered the father of psychology, and the first great English writer on the science of govern- ment. His principal works are the trea- tises "On the Citizen" and "The Levia- than," both of which were censured by Parliament in 1666; "Human Nature";
- 0n the Body Politic"; "On Liberty, Ne-
cessity and Cause"; and "Behemoth." He died in 1679. HOBOKEN, a city in Hudson co., N. J., on the Hudson Viver opposite New York City, and on the Lackawanna, the West Shore, and Lehigh Valley rail- roads. It is connected with New York City by ferries and by tubes. It is the terminal for several important Euro- pean steamship lines. It is the seat of Stevens Institute of Technology, and has considerable manufacturing inter- ests. It has electric lights, and street railways, waterworks, public schools, public library, high schools, several pri- vate and preparatory' schools, daily and weekly newspapers and National banks. Pop. (1910) 70,324; (1920) 68,166. HOBSON, RICHMOND PEARSON, an American naval officer; born in Greensboro, Ala., Aug. 17, 1870; was graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1889, and received further training in the Ecole d'Application du Genie Maritime, Paris. In 1894-1895 he served in the Bureau of Construction and Repairs of the Navy Department. Subsequently he originated a post-grad- uate course for such officers as intended to study naval construction, and con- ducted the course in 1897-1898. At the outbreak of the American-Spanish War he was promoted lieutenant, and assigned to duty on the flagship "New York," with which he participated in the block- ade of Santiago Harbor, the bombard- ment of Matanzas, and in the naval demonstration against San Juan, Porto Rico. The event, however, with which his name is most intimately connected was the sinking of the collier "Merri- mac" on June 3, 1898, in the narrow entrance of Santiago Harbor, with the intention of preventing the Spanish fleet from leaving the inner bay. As the "Merrimac" was sinking he and seven volunteers who had accompanied him leaped overboard and were picked up by the Spaniards and imprisoned for a few weeks, but were treated with kindness by the order of Admiral Cervera. Later he went to Manila, where he directed the raising and repairing of the Spanish ships sunk in the engagement with Ad- miral Dewey on May 1, 1898. He was elected to Congress from the 6th Ala- bama District (1907-15). He published "American War Policy" (1910); "Our Country's Destiny" (1913); "America and the World War" (1917) ; "The Great Reform" (1918). HOCHE, LAZARE (hosh), a French soldier; born in Montreuil, a faubourg of Versailles, June 25, 1768. Enlisting at 16, he rapidly obtained promotion by his courage and capacity, and was given in 1793 the command of the Army of the Moselle, for his defense of Dunkirk against the Duke of York. Here he tried to cut off the communication be- tween the Prussians and Austrians, and, though foiled by the superior forces of the Duke of Brunswick, yet managed to drive the Austrians out of Alsace. His next important service was putting an end to the civil war in La Vendee. He commanded the unfortunate expedition for the conquest of Ireland (1796), when the ships were scattered by storms. Soon after he was placed in command of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse. On April 18, 1797, he crossed the Rhine at Neuwied, and had defeated che Aus- trians in several battles, when an ar-
