HOLT 39 HOLY GBASS 1862 and afterward studied law at Columbia. He began the publishing business with G. P. Putnam in 1863, and ten years later founded the publishing company of Henry Holt & Co. He was a member of the first executive commit- tee on Simplified Spelling. He wrote several novels, including "Calmire-Man and Nature" (1892); "Sturmsee— Man and Man" (1905). He took great in- terest in psychic questions and published in 1914 "On the Cosmic Relations." In the same year he founded and became editor of the "Unpopular Review." HOLT, LUTHER EMMETT, an American physician; born in Webster, N. Y., in 1855. He g-raduated from the University of Rochester in 1875 and from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, in 1880. He served as Pro- fessor of Diseases of Children in several New York hospitals. He became widely known as a writer of books on the care of diseases of children. These include "The Care and Feeding of Children" (1894) ; "Diseases of Infancy and Child-' hood" (1902). HOLT, WINIFRED, an American sculptor. She was born in New York and was educated at private schools and Brearley School, New York. She studied anatomy, drawing and sculpture at Flor- ence, and elsewhere. She has exhibited I at the National Sculpture Society, and Architectural League, New York, and at Berlin. Her chief commissions have been poi'traits, busts, and bas-reliefs. She founded the New York Association for the Blind, and through her efforts many branches of the Association have been opened. She organized, in 1915, the Phare de Bordeaux, the first light- house for the blind on the continent, and also the Phare de France, opened by the French President in 1916. During the European war she was president of the Comite Franco-Americain pour les Aveugles de la Guerre. Her books in- clude "Life of Henry Fawcett"; "Beacon for the Blind." HOLY ALLIANCE, a league con- cluded at Paris, Sept. 26, 1815, between Alexander I., Emperor of Russia, Fran- cis of Austria, and Frederick William HI. of Prussia, and signed with their own hands, and without the countersign of a minister. Despite a declaration of its high and holy purpose, its aim was to maintain the power and influence of the existing dynasties, to uphold abso- lute monarchy, and suppress republican movements. Indications that the pur- poses of the Holy Alliance were likely to be extended to the small republics of South America gave origin to the Monroe Doctrine (q. v.). It was of- fered for signature to all the European Powers except the Pope and Sultan of Turkey, and accepted by all except Great Britain. The events of 1848 broke up the Holy Alliance. HOLY CITY, an appellation given by different peoples to that particular city whence proceed all their religious tradi- tions and worship. By Jew and Chris- tian Jerusalem is so named; by Catholics, Rome; by Mohammedans, Damascus, Mecca, and Medina; by the Hindus, Ben- ares; by the Mohammedans of India, Allahabad; by the ancient Incas, Cuzco. HOLY CROSS, an order of Augustin- ian canons, suppressed in the 17th cen- tury. Also a religious order established in 1834 in France. The members devote themselves to education and works of mercy. Also a society consisting of clerical members of the ritualistic school of the English Church. It was founded in 1855. HOLY CROSS COLLEGE, an educa- tional institution in Worcester, Mass.; founded in 1843 under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church; reported at the close of 1919 : Professors and in- structors, 50; students, 625; volumes in the library, 45,000; president. Rev. James J. Curlin, S. J. HOLY FAMILY, the infant Saviour, the Virgin Mary, Joseph, Elizabeth, Anna, and John the Baptist. A picture in which all or the most of the subor- dinate personages are introduced is called a "holy family." HOLY FIRE, a flame at Jerusalem maintained by the Greek and Armenian priests in the Church of the Holy Sepul- cher. HOLY GHOST, the Holy Spirit; the third person in the Trinity, whom the Saviour promised to send to comfort His disciples (John xiv:, xv:, and xvi.). HOLY GHOST, ORDER OF, an order of male and female hospitallers, founded by Guy, son of William, Count of Mont- pellier, toward the end of the 12th cen- tury, for the relief of the pooi*, the infirm and foundlings. After the middle of the 18th century it was united with the order of St. Lazarus by Clement XIII. This was also the name of the principal military order in France, instituted in 1578 by Henry III., abolished in 1789, revived at the Restoration, and again abolished in 1830. HOLY GRASS {Hierochloe b&realis) , a sweet-smelling grass belonging to the
