HORTENSIUS 60 HOSKINS HOE-TENSIUS, QUINTUS (hor-ten'- se-us), a celebrated Roman orator; born in 114 B. c. Till his great rival, Cicero, bore away the palm, he eclipsed all others in the grace and splendor of his eloquence. He held many civil and mil- itary offices; was made consul 69 B. C. ; was Cicero's colleague as augur; and died immensely rich in 50 B. c. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES, so- cieties formed by the encouragement of both the art and the science of the culti- vation of garden plants. HORTICULTURE, the art of culti- vating or managing gardens; the culti- vation of a garden; the rearing and management of flowers, fruits, and vege- tables in a garden. This word has a much broader meaning than its Latin derivations indicate. Horticulture in- cludes, as divisions, pomology, floricul- ture, garden vegetable culture, and nurs- ery culture. Pomology embraces the culture of all fruits, whether grown in large or small areas. Viticulture is a sub-division of pomology. HORUS (ho'rus), an Egyptian deity, whose name, "Hor," means "the day," or "the sun's path," and is generally written in hieroglyphics by the sparrow hawk, which was sacred to him. Under the name of Horus were included several deities, as Haroeris, the elder Horus, and Harpocrates, or the younger Horus; Har-sam-ta, Horus, the uniter of the upper and lower world, who was the second son of Athor, resided in Annu, Heliopolis, and emanated from the eye of the sun; and Har-net-ta, another form of the same god, represented as a boy wearing a triple crown, who existed from the commencement of things, a self-created being, and emanated from the Nu, or firmament, besides several others. But the principal Horus was Horus, the son of Isis (Har-si-hesi) , rep- resented as a naked child standing wear- ing a skullcap, or the crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. HORVATH, MICHAEL (hor'vat) , a Huno:arian historian; born in Szentes, Oct. 20, 1809. In 1844 he became Pro- fessor of the Hungarian Language and Literature in Vienna, and later Bishop of Csanad. He took an active part in the revolutionary war, holding the ap- pointment of minister of "culture" and public instruction. The defeat of the Hungarians drove him into exile. In his absence he was condemned to death, but was allowed to return home under the amnesty of 1867. Of several historical works which he wrote three deserve spe- cial mention: "History of Hungary to 1823," and its continuations, "Twenty- five Years of Hungarian History, 1823- 1848," and "History of the War of Inde- pendence in Hungary." He died in 1878. HOSANNA (ho-zan'a), a form of Jew- ish acclamatory prayer or blessing, de- rived originally from Ps. cxviii:25. It was often uttered at the Feast of Taber- nacles, when the 25th and 26th verses of Psalm cxviii. were repeated. It there- fore came to be used for the branches of myrtle, etc., or for the great palm leaves, carried about at the festival, or even for the festival itself. Also the acclamation raised by "the whole multi- tude of the disciples" (Luke xix: 37) on our Lord's triumphal entry into Jeru- salem. It is now employed as an accla- mation of praise. HOSE A (ho-ze-a), the first of the 12 minor prophets as arranged in the Bible. He prophesied for a long time from Uzziah to Hezekiah, about 785-725 B. c. HOSHIARPUR (hosh'yar-por) , capi- tal of a district in Punjab, India, near the foot of the Siwalik Hills, 90 miles E. from Lahore. It is a seat of an Ameri- can Presbyterian Mission. HOSIERY, a general term for all kinds of knitted articles, including drawers, petticoats, night-dresses, etc., and fancy articles such as head-dresses, hoods, shawls, neckerchiefs, cravats, etc. The materials used for the purpose are cotton, linen, and wool, the last of which is sometimes mixed with cotton or silk. Silk is also frequently used alone. HOSKINS, SIR ARTHUR REGI- NALD, a British military officer. He was born in London, in 1871, and entered the army in 1891. He served in the Dongola Expedition in 1896, and was mentioned in dispatches. From 1897 to 1899 he was with the Nile Expedition, receiving the 4th class Medjidie, Khedive's medal, 9 clasps, bt. major, British medal. From 1899 to 1902 he was in the South African War, receiving medal and clasps. In 1902-1903 he served in East Africa. When the World War broke out he was sent to East Af- rica, after a short service in Europe, and there made commander-in-chief. For his services in German East Africa he was made lieutenant-general in 1917, and baronet in 1919. HOSKINS, JAMES DICKASON, an American educator; born at New Mar- ket, Tenn., in 1870. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1891. For two years following he acted as in- structor of mathematics in that institu- tion. After serving as professor of his-
