§ 33. Extradition of a foreign subject shall not be granted for political crimes or crimes of opinion nor of a Brazilian, in any case.
§ 34. No tax shall be demanded or increased except as the law shall establish, no tax shall be collected without previous budgetary authorization in each fiscal year, exception made, however, of the customs tariff and of taxes levied by reason of war.
§ 35. The public power shall grant judicial assistance to the needy in such manner as the law may establish.
§ 36. The law shall assure:
I—the rapid despatch of documents in transit through the public departments;
II—the communication to the interested parties of the decisions given and the information to which the latter refer;
III—the issuance of certificates or authenticated copies, solicited for the defense of individual rights;
IV—the issuance of certificates or authenticated copies, solicited for the elucidation of citizens concerning public affairs, with restriction, in respect of the last named, of the cases in which the public interest impose secrecy.
§ 37. The right is assured to any person whomsoever to make representation against abuses by authorities and to take steps to hold them responsible, by petition addressed to the public powers.
§ 38. Any citizen shall be a legitimate party to plead the annulment or declaration of nullity of acts injurious to the patrimony of the Union, of the States, or of the Municipalities, and likewise of autarchic entities and those of mixed economy.
Art. 142—In time of peace any person may enter the national territory with his goods and remain therein or depart therefrom, so long as the precepts of the law are respected.
Art. 143—The Federal Government may expel from the national territory any foreigner injurious to the public order, unless his spouse be a Brazilian and have a Brazilian child (art. 129, nos. I and II), dependent upon the paternal economy.
Art. 144—The specification of the rights and guaranties expressed in this Constitution does not exclude other rights and guaranties resulting from the regime and from the principles which it adopts.
Title Five
THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ORDER
Art. 145—The economic order shall be organized according to principles of social justice, conciliating the liberty of initiative with increasing the value of human labor.
Sole Paragraph—Everyone is assured work that enables a dignified existence. Work is a social obligation.
Art. 146—The Union may intervene in the economic sphere and monopolize certain industries or activities, by means of special law. The intervention shall be based upon the public interest, and shall be limited by the fundamental rights assured in this Constitution.
Art. 147—The use of property shall be conditioned upon social welfare. The law may, with observance of the provisions of Article 142 § 16, promote the fair distribution of property, with equal opportunities for all.
Art. 148—the law shall restrain any and every form of abuse of economic power, including the unions or groups of concerns, either individual or social, regardless of their nature, with the aim of dominating the national markets, eliminating competition and arbitrarily increasing profits.
Art. 149—The law shall regulate the system of banks of deposit, insurance companies, capitalization companies and the like.
Art. 150—The law shall create specialized credit establishments to assist agriculture and stock raising.
Art. 151—The law shall make provisions for the regulating of concerns holding concessions for federal, state or municipal public services.
Sole Paragraph—The control and revision of tariffs relating to services carried on under concession, shall be determined, so that the profits of the concessionaires, not to exceed a fair remuneration of their capital, may permit them to meet the need for improvement and the expansion of these services. The law shall apply to the concessions granted in the previous régime of tariffs stipulated for the entire duration of the contract.
Art. 152—Mines and other subsoil wealth, as well as waterfalls, constitute property distinct from that of the soil for the purpose of industrial development or use.
Art. 153—The employment of mineral resources, and those of hydraulic energy, depend upon federal authorization or concession, as provided by law.
§ 1. Authorizations or concessions shall be granted exclusively to Brazilians, or to concerns organized in the country, the landowner being assured preference for the development. The preferential rights of the landowner shall be regulated in accordance with the nature of the mines or deposits.
§ 2. The utilization of hydraulic power of reduced capacity shall not depend upon authorization or concession.
§ 3. Once the conditions demanded by law are satisfied, among these being the possession of the required technical and administrative services, the States shall exercise in their territories the powers contained in this article.
§ 4. In the cases indicated by law and having in view the general interest, the Union shall assist the states in the studies pertaining to thermo-mineral waters of medicinal application, and in the equipment of resorts destined for their use.
Art. 154—Usury, in any form, shall be punished by law.
Art. 155—Coastwise navigation for the transport of merchandise is the exclusive prerogative of national ships, except in cases of public necessity.
Sole Paragraph—The owners, charterers and commanders of national ships, as well as at least two-thirds of the members of their crews, shall be Brazilians. (Art. 129, Nos. I & II).
Art. 156—The law shall facilitate the settlement of men in the fields, establishing plans for the colonization and use of public lands. For this purpose, preference shall be given to nationals and, from among these, the inhabitants of impoverished zones and the unemployed.
§ 1. In the concession of ceded lands, the States shall assure squatters (posseiros), who habitually dwell thereon, the preference for the purchase of the land, up to twenty-five hectares.
§ 2. Without the previous authorization of the Federal Senate, no sale or concession of public lands exceeding an area of ten thousand hectares may be effected.
§ 3. Anyone, who, not being either a rural nor an urban landowner, occupies for ten uninterrupted years, without opposition and without recognition of other ownership, a piece of land not exceeding the area of twenty-five hectares, and makes it productive by his work, and dwells thereon,
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