shall acquire ownership of the land, by declaratory sentence duly transcribed.
Art. 157—Labor and social security legislation shall be governed by the following precepts as well as others aiming to improve the conditions of workers:
I—a minimum salary calculated to cover, according to the conditions of each region, the normal necessities of the worker and his family;
II—prohibition of salary differences for the same worker because of age, sex, nationality, or civil status;
III—higher pay for night work than for day work.
IV—obligatory and direct participation of the worker in the profits of concerns on the terms and in the way provided by law;
V—daily work not exceeding eight hours, except in the cases and conditions provided by law;
VI—weekly rest with pay, preferably on Sundays, and within the limits of the technical requirements of the concerns, on the civil and religious holidays in accordance with the local tradition;
VII—annual leave, with pay;
VIII—hygiene and safety in all work;
IX—prohibition of work for minors under fourteen; of work in unhealthful industries, for women and for minors under eighteen; and of night work for minors under eighteen; with observance, in every instance, of the conditions established by law and the exceptions admitted by the competent authorities;
X—the right of a woman to rest before and after giving birth, without prejudice to her employment and salary;
XI—fixation of the percentage of Brazilian employees, which are to be maintained compulsorily in the public services granted under concession and in establishments in certain lines of commerce and industry;
XII—security of employment in concerns or in rural development, as well as indemnization to the dismissed worker, in the cases and on the conditions which the law may establish;
XIII—recognition of the collective labor agreements;
XIV—medical and sanitary aid, including hospitalization and preventive treatment for the worker, and to expectant mothers;
XV—assistance to the unemployed;
XVI—social security, by means of contribution from the Union, from the employer and from the employee for the benefit of motherhood, and against the consequences of old age, invalidity, illness, or death;
XVII—obligation of the employer to establish insurance against labor accidents;
Sole Paragraph—There shall be no distinction as to rights, guarantees and benefits, between manual or technical labor and intellectual labor nor between those who, respectively, exercise such callings.
Art. 158—The right to strike is recognized, the exercise of which shall be regulated by law.
Art. 159—Professional or syndical association is permitted; the form of constitution, the legal representation in the collective labor contracts, and the exercise of functions delegated by the public power being regulated by law.
Art. 160—The ownership of journalistic concerns, either political or simply for news, as well as radio broadcasting, is forbidden to corporations having bearer shares, and to foreigners. Neither the latter, nor juridical persons, except the national political parties, may be shareholders of the corporations owning such concerns. The principal responsibility of them, as well as their intellectual and administrative orientation, shall be the exclusive prerogative of Brazilians. (Art. 129, Nos. I & II)
Art. 161—The law shall regulate the exercise of the liberal professions, as well as the revalidation of diplomas issued by foreign educational institutions.
Art. 162—The selection, entry, distribution, and settlement of immigrants shall be subject to the requirements of the national interest, as provided by law.
Sole Paragraph—It shall devolve upon a federal administrative entity to orient those services, and coordinate them with those of naturalization and colonization, nationals being utilized as far as possible.
Title Six
THE FAMILY, EDUCATION AND CULTURE
Chapter I
The Family
Art. 163—The family is constituted by marriage that cannot be dissolved and shall have right to the special protection of the State.
§ 1. Marriage shall be civil, and its celebration gratis. Religious marriage shall be equivalent to civil marriage, if performed with observance of the impediments established by the law, and in conformity with its provisions, and request to this effect be made by the celebrant or any party at interest, provided that the act is registered in the civil registry.
§ 2. Religious marriage celebrated without the formalities of this article shall have civil effects if, at the request of the betrothed, it be transcribed in the civil registry after ratification before the civil authorities.
Art. 164—Assistance to mothers, infants and adolescents is obligatory throughout the national territory. The law shall provide assistance to families with numerous offspring.
Art. 165—The order of succession to the estate of a foreigner, if located in Brazil, shall be regulated by the Brazilian law and for the benefit of the spouse or of the Brazilian children, in cases where the national law of de cujus may not favor them to a greater extent.
Chapter II
Education and Culture
Art. 166—Education is the right of everyone, and shall be administered at home and in the school. It shall be inspired by the principles of liberty, and the ideals of human solidarity.
Art. 167—Teaching, in its different branches, shall be administered by the public powers and is open to private initiative, provided the laws which regulate it are duly respected.
Art. 168—Teaching legislation shall adopt the following principles:
15
