I—primary schooling is obligatory and shall be given only in the national language;
II—the official primary schooling is free to all; the official schooling subsequent to the primary schooling, shall be free for whoever proves lack or insufficiency of means;
III—the industrial, commercial and agricultural establishments employing more than one hundred persons are obligated to maintain free primary teaching for their employees and their employees' children;
IV—industrial and commercial concerns are obligated to administer, in cooperation, teaching to minors in their employ in such form as the law may establish, having regard to the rights of the teachers;
V—religious instruction shall be a part of the teaching schedule of official schools, matriculation therein shall be optional, and shall be administered in accordance with the religious confession of the pupil, manifested by him, if he is capable, or by his legal representative or person responsible for him;
VI—for the filling of teaching positions, in official colleges, or in the free or official high schools a competition based on degrees and examinations shall be demanded. Professors admitted by competition of degrees and examinations shall be assured tenure for life;
VII—the liberty of professorship is guaranteed.
Art. 169—Annually, the Union shall apply not less than ten per cent, and the States, the Federal District, and the municipalities not less than twenty per cent of their revenue derived from taxes to the maintenance and development of teaching.
Art. 170—The Union shall organize the Federal teaching system, as well as that of each territory.
Sole Paragraph—Federal teaching system shall have a supplementary character, extending throughout the country within the strict limits of the local deficiency.
Art. 171—Each State, as well as the Federal District, shall organize its own teaching system.
Sole Paragraph—For the development of these teaching systems, the Union shall cooperate with pecuniary aid, which, with respect to the primary teaching, shall be derived out of the respective National Fund.
Art. 172—Each teaching system shall obligatorily have services of educational assistance to assure the needy pupils, conditions of scholastic efficiency.
Art. 173—The sciences, letters, and arts are free.
Art. 174—Support of culture is a duty of the State.
Sole Paragraph—The law shall promote the creation of research institutes, particularly in connection with establishment of higher education.
Art. 175—The works, momuments, and documents of historical and artistic value, as well as the natural monuments, landscapes and places endowed with peculiar beauty, are under the protection of the public power.
Title Seven
THE ARMED FORCES
Art. 176—The Armed Forces, constituted essentially by the Army, Navy, and Air Force, are permanent national institutions, organized on a basis of hierarchy and discipline, under the supreme authority of the President of the Republic, and within the limit of the law.
Art. 177—It is the mission of the Armed Forces to defend the Country and guarantee the constitutional powers, as well as law and order.
Art. 178—The political direction of war, and the selection of the commanders-in-chief of the forces in operation shall be incumbent on the President of the Republic.
Art. 179—The problems pertaining to the defense of the Country shall be studied by the Council of National Security and by the special organs of the Armed Forces, charged with their preparation for mobilization and military operations.
§ 1. The Council of National Security shall be under the direction of the President of the Republic and therein shall take part, as effective members, such Ministers of State and chiefs of staff, as the law may determine. In cases of impediment, the President of the Republic shall appoint a substitute.
§ 2. The law shall regulate the powers and the functions of the Council of National Security.
Art. 180—In the zones indispensable to the defense of the country, the following shall not be permitted, without consent of the Council of National Security:
I—any act whatsoever, relating to the concession of lands, the opening of means of communication and the installation of transmitting apparatus;
II—construction of bridges and international roads;
III—establishment or development of any industries affecting the national security.
§ 1. The law shall specify the zones indispensable to the national defense, shall regulate their utilization and shall insure the predominance of Brazilian capital and labor in the industries situated therein.
§ 2. The authorizations referred to in Nos. I, II and III may, at any time, be modified or cancelled by the Council of National Security.
Art. 181—All Brazilians are obligated to military service or other duties necessary to the defense of the country under the terms and penalties of the law.
§ 1. Women are exempted from military service but are subject to such duties as the law may establish.
§ 2. The military obligation of clergymen shall be fulfilled in the services of the armed forces or by means of spiritual assistance to them.
§ 3. No Brazilian, after reaching the minimum military service age, established by law, may hold public office or employment in any state-controlled entity, society of mixed economy or undertaking holding a concession for public service, without producing proof of military enlistment, of being a reservist, or of enjoying exemption from such obligation.
§ 4. To favor the fulfillment of military obligations, "tiros de guerra" and other organs for the formation of reservists are permitted.
Art. 182—Commissions, with the advantages and privileges therein inherent, are fully guaranteed not only to active officers and those of the reserve but also to the retired officers.
§ 1. Military rank, posts and uniforms are the exclusive right of the active, the reserve or the retired soldier.
§ 2. An officer of the Armed Forces shall lose his post and commission only by condemnatory sentence, pronounced by a judge, whose penalty restrictive of individual liberty exceeds two years; or, in the cases provided by law, if he is declared unworthy or incompatible with the rank of an officer, in accordance with decision of a military court of permanent character in peacetime, or of a special court during war, whether external or civil.
§ 3. The soldiers who, being in active duty of the armed forces, shall accept a permanent public position outside his career, shall be transferred to the reserve with the rights and duties defined by law.
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