CHAPTER V.
PUBLIC SALE OF THE EMPIRE TO DIDIUS JULIANUS BY THE PRETORIAN GUARDS. CLODIUS ALBINUS IN BRITAIN, PESCENNIUS NIGER IN SYRIA, AND SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS IN PANNONIA, DECLARE AGAINST THE MURDERERS OF PERTINAX. CIVIL WARS, AND VICTORY OF SEVERUS OVER HIS THREE RIVALS. RELAXATION OF DISCIPLINE. NEW MAXIMS OF GOVERNMENT.
Proportion of the military force to the number of the people.THE power of the sword is more sensibly felt in an extensive monarchy, than in a small community. It has been calculated by the ablest politicians, that no state, without being soon exhausted, can maintain above the hundredth part of its members in arms and idleness. But although this relative proportion may be uniform, the influence of the army over the rest of the society will vary according to the degree of its positive strength. The advantages of military science and discipline cannot be exerted, unless a proper number of soldiers are united into one body, and actuated by one soul. With a handful of men, such an union would be ineffectual ; with an unwieldy host, it would be impracticable ; and the powers of the machine would be alike destroyed by the extreme minuteness, or the excessive weight of its springs. To illustrate this observation we need only reflect, that there is no superiority of natural strength, artificial weapons, or acquired skill, which could enable one man to keep in constant subjection one hundred of his fellow-creatures : the tyrant of a single town, or a small district, would soon discover that an hundred armed followers were a weak defence against ten thousand peasants or citizens ; but an hundred thousand well-disciplined soldiers will command, with despotic sway, ten millions of subjects ; and a body of ten or fifteen thousand guards will strike terror into the most numerous populace that ever crowded the streets of an immense capital.
