ROMAN HISTOTIY. 1369 years more ; Pompeius the Spain s. and Crassus Syria. Ptolemaeus Auletes re- stored to Aegypt by A. Gabinius. Cicero (aet. 52) composes his De Ora- tore. His speech In Pisonem. Virgil (aet. 16) assumes the toga virilis. Coss. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus. Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Caesar's (aet. 46) sixth cjirapaign in Gaul. His second expedition into Britain : war with Ambiorix in the winter. Crassus marches against the Parthians. Cicero (aet. 53) composes his De Re- publica. His orations pro M. Scauro, pro Plancio, pro C. RabiHn Postumo. Coss. Cn. Domitius Calvinus. M. Valerius Messala. Caesar's (aet. 47) seventh campaign in Gaul. He again crosses the Rhine. Defeat and death of Crassus by the Parthians. Cicero (aet. 54) elected augur. Coss. Cn. Pompeius Magnus III. Solus constdatum gessit. Ex Kal. Secctil. Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Caesar's (aet. 48) eighth campaign in Gaul. Insurrection in Gaul ; Caesar takes Alesia and Vercingetorix. Death of Clodius in January : riots at Rome : Pompeius sole consul. Cicero's (aet. 55) oration pro Milone. He composes his de Legibus. Death of Lucretius. Coss. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus. M. Claudius Marcellus. Caesar's (aet. 4.9) ninth campaign in Gaul. Subjugation of the country. The consul Marcellus proposes measures against Caesar. Cicero (aet. 56) goes as proconsul to Cilicia. Coss. L. Aemilius PauUus. C. Claudius Marcellus. Censs. Ap. Claudius Pulcher. L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus. Caesar (aet. 50) spends the year in Cisalpine Gaul. Measures of Pompeius against Caesar. Cicero (aet. 57) leaves Cilicia and reaches Brundisium at the end of the year. Death of Hortensius, Sallust is expelled the senate. Coss. C. Claudius Marcellus. L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus. Did. sine Mag. Eq. C. Julius Caesar. Commencement of the civil war between Caesar (aet. 51) and Pompeius. Caesar marches into Italy, and pursues Pompeius to Brundisium. Pompeius leaves Italy in March, and crosses over to Greece. Caesar goes to Rome, and then proceeds to Spain, where he conquers Afranius and Petreius, the legati of Pompeius. He returns to Rome, is appointed dictator for the elec- tion of the consuls, resigns the office at the end of 11 days, and then goes to Brundisium, in order to cross over into Greece. Cicero (aet. 58) comes to Rome, but crosses over to Greece in the month of June. B.C. 48 47 46 45 44 Coss. C. Julius Caesar IT. P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus. Caesar (aet. 52) lands in Greece, defeats Pom- peius at the battle of Pharsalia in the month of August. Murder of Pompeius (aet. 58) before Alexandria. Caesar comes to Egypt : Alexandrine war. Cicero (aet 59) returns to Italy after the battle of Pharsalia, and arrives at Brun- disium. Diet. C. Julius Caesar II. Mag. Eq. M. Antonius. Coss. Q. Fufius Calenus. P. Vatinius. Caesar (aet. 53) dictator the whole year. The consuls Calenus and Vatinius were only appointed at the end of the year. Caesar concludes the Alexandrine war, marches into Pontus, and conquers Phar- naces ; arrives in Italy in September. He crosses over to Africa before the end of the year to carry on war against the Pompeians. Cicero (aet. 60) meets Caesar at Brun- disium, is pardoned by him, and returns to Rome. Cuss. C. Julius Caesar III. M. Aemilius Lepidus. Caesar (aet. 54) defeats the Pompeinns at the battle of Thapsus in April. Death of Cato, aet. 48. Caesar returns to Rome and triumphs. Reformation of the calendar by Caesar. Cicero (aet. 61) composes his Brutus, and Partitiones Oraioriae. His orations pro Marcello and pro Ligario. Sallust praetor, and accompanies Caesar in the African war. Diet. C Julius Caesar III. Mag. Eq. M. Aemilius Lepidus. Cos. sine collega. C. Julius Caesar IV. Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus. Mort. e. C. Caninius Rebilus. C. Trebonius. Caesar (aet. 55) defeats the Pompeians m Spain at the battle of Munda in March. Triumph of Caesar. He is made consul for ten years, and dictator and censor for life. Cicero (aet. 62) divorces Terentia ; marries Publilia ; loses his daughter Tullia ; divorces Publilia. He composes his Ora- tor, A eademica, de Finibus. His oration pro Diiotaro. Diet. C. Julius Caesar IV. Mag. Eq. M. Aemilius Lepidus II. Mag. Eq. C. Octavius. Mag. Eq. Cn. Domitius Calvinus. Non iniit. Coss. C. Julius Caesar V. Cos. occis. e. M. Antonius. P. Cornelius Dolabella. Murder of Caesar (aet. 56) on the 15th of March. Octavius, on the death of Caesar, comes from Apollonia to Rome. M. An- tonius withdraws from Rome, and pro- ceeds to Cisalpine Gaul at the end of No- vember to oppose D. Brutus : he is declared a public enemy by the senate Cicero (aet. 63) composes his Tiisculanae Disputationes, de A'atura Deorum, de Di- vinatione, de Fato, de Amicitia, de Senec-
