ROMAN HISTORY. 1383 Coss. L. Annius Arrianus. C. Cervonius Papus. Gordiani 6. — Death of Misitheus. Coss. (L. Armenius) Peregrinus. (A. Fulvius) Aemilianus. Gordian (aet. 18) is slain by the contrivance of Philip, the praetorian praefect in Meso- potamia, in the spring. PiiiLippus I. emperor. Philip confers the title of Caesar upon his son, the yoimger Philip, and returns to Rome. Plotinus is at Rome. Coss. Imp. Caes. M. Julius Philippus Aug. . . . Junius Titianus. Philippi 2. — War with the Carpi on the Danube. Coss Praesens. Albinus. Philippi 3. Origen (aet. 61) composes his work against Celsus about this time. Coss. Imp. Caes. M.Julius Philippus Aug. II. M. Julius Philippus Caesar. Philippi 4. — Philip bestows the rank of Augustus upon his son the younger Philip. Coss. Imp. Caes. M. Julius Philippus (I.) Aug. III. Imp. Caes. M. Julius Philippus (II.) Aug. II. Philippi 5. — The Ludi Saeculares are cele- brated. Cyprian is appointed bishop of Carthage. Coss. (A. Fulvius) Aemilianus II. . . Junius Aquilinus. The two Philips are slain in September or October, at Verona. Decius, emperor. He confers the title of Caesar upon his son Herennius Etrascus. Coss. Imp. Caes. C. Messius Quintus Tra- janus Decius Aug. II. Annius Maximus Gratus. Decii 2. — Great persecution against the Christians, in which Fabianus, bishop of Rome, perishes. Coss. Imp. Caes. C. Messius Quintus Tra- janus Decius Aug. III. Q. Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius Caesar. Decius carries on war against the Goths. He is slain in November, together with his son Herennius Etruscus. Gallus Trebonianus, emperor. The title of Augustus is conferred upon Hostilianus, a younger son of Decius. Gallus confers the title of Caesar upon his son Volnsianus. Coss. Imp. Caes. C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Aug. II. C. Vibius Volusianas Caesar. Galli 2. — Volusianus is elevated to the rank of Augustus. Gallus returns to Rome. Commencement of a great pestilence, which rages for 15 years. Death of Hostilianus. Coss. Imp. Caes. C.VibiusVolusianusAug.II. M. Valerius Maximus. Galli 3. — Aemilianus is proclaimed em- peror in Moesia. Valerian us is pro- claimed emperor in Rhaetia. Death of Origen (aet. 68). Coss. Imp.Caes.P.LiciniusValerianusAug.IT. Imp. Caes. P. Licinius Gallienu* Aug. A.D. 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 Aemilianus marches into Italy. Gallus and Volusianus slain by their own troops in February. Aemilianus slain by his own troops in May. Valerianus emperor. His son Gallienus is made Augustus. Coss. Imp. Caes. P. Licinius Valerianus Aug. III. Imp.Caes. P.Licinius GallienusAug.il. Valeriani et Gallieni 3. — The barbarians begin to invade the empire on all sides. The Goths invade lUyricura and Mace- donia. Gallienus is in Gaul. Coss. (M.) Valerius Maximus II. (M'. Acilius) Glabrio. Val. et Gallieni 4. — The Franks invade Spain. Coss. Imp. Caes. P. Licinius Valerianus Aug. IV. Imp. Caes. P. Licinius Gallienus Aug. III. (Suf. a.d.XI. K.Jun. M.Ulpius Cri- nitus. L. Domitius Aurelianus (qui postea Imp. Caes. Aug. app. e.) Val. et Gallieni 5. — Aurelian defeats the Goths. Coss. Memmius Tuscus. Bassus. Val. et Gallieni 6. — Valerian sets out for the East, to carry on war against the Per- sians. Persecution of the Christians. While the empire is invaded by the bar- barians, and Valerian is engaged in the Persian war, the legions in different parts of the empire proclaim their own generals, emperors. These usurpers are known by the name of the Thirty Tyrants. Pos- tumus is proclaimed emperor in Gaul. The Goths take Trapezus. Martyrdom of Cyprian. Coss Aemilianus. Bassus. Val. et Gallieni 7. — The Goths plunder Bithynia. Coss. P. Cornelius Saecularis II. . . Junius Donatus (II.) Val. et Gallieni 8. — Saloninus, the son of Valerian, put to death by Postumus. Valerian is taken prisoner by Sapor, the Persian king. The Persians are driven back by Odenathus, the ruler of Palmyra. Ingenuus and Regalianus are proclaimed emperors. Coss. Imp.Caes.P. Licinius GalHenusAug.IV. L. Petronius Taurus Volusianus. Gallieni 9. — Macrianus, Valens and Cal- purnius Piso are proclaimed emperors : the two latter are easily put down, but Ma • crianus marches from Syria to attack Gal- lienus. Coss. Imp. Caes. P. Licinius Gallienus Aug.V . Faustinus. Gallieni 1 0. — Aureolus is proclaimed em- peror: he defeats and slays Macrianus with his two sons, in Illyricum. The Goths ravage Greece and Asia Minor. The Persians take and plunder Antioch. 4 T 4
