M)4 CAPENA. of Etxnria, which is repeatedly mentioned daring the early history of Home. It was situated to the KE. of Veii, and SE. of Falerii, about 8 miles from the foot of Mt. Soracte. From an imperfect passage of Gato, cited by Servios (^ad Aen. vii. 697), it would seem that Capena was a colony of Veii, sent out in pursuance of the vow of a sacred spring. (Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 120; Mttller, Etruaker, vol. i. p. 1 12.) It however appears, when we first find it mentioned in history, as an independent city, possessing a con- siderable extent of territory. It is not till the last war of the Romans with the Veientines, that the name of the Capenates appears in the Roman annals; but upon that occasion they took up arms, together with the Faliscans, in defence of Veii, and strongly urged upon the rest of the Etruscan confederation the necessity of combining their forces to arre&t the fell of that city. (Liv. v. 8, 17.) Their efforts were, however, unsuccessful, and they were unable to compel the Romans to niise the siege, while their own lands were several times ravaged by Roman annies. After the fall of Veil (b. c. 393), the two cities who had been her allies became the next object of hostilities on the part of the Romans; and Q. Ser- vilius invaded the territory of Capena, which he ravaged in the most unsparing manner, and by this means, without attempting to attack the city itself, reduced the people to submission. (Liv. v. 12, 13, U, 18, 19, 24.) The blow seems to have been decisive, for we hear no more of Capena until after the Gaulish War, when the right of Roman citizenship was conferred upon the citizens of Veii, Falerii, and Capena (or such of them at least as had taken part with the Romans), and the conquered ter- ritory divided among them. Four new tribes were created out of these new citizens, and of these we know that the Stellatine tribe occupied the territory of Capena. (Liv.vi.4,5; Fest.*.*. 5te/ia<tno.) From this time Capena disappears from history as an inde- pendent community, and only a few incidental notices attest the continued existence of the city. Cicero mentions the " Capenas ager " as remarkable for its fertility, probably meaning the tract along the right bank of the Tiber (pro Fltux. 29) ; and on this account it was one of those which the tribune RuUus proposed by his agrarian law to portion out among the Roman people. (Cic. de Leg, Agr. ii. 25.) This design was not carried out; but at a later period it did not escape the rapacity of the veterans, and all the more fertile parts of the plain adjoining the river were allotted to military colonists. (Cic ad Fam. ix. 17: LUl Colon, p. 2 16, where it is, by a strange corruption, called " Colonia Capys.") Numerous in- scriptions attest the continued existence and muni- cipal rank of Capena under the Roman empire down to the time of Aurclian (Orell. Inscr. 3687, 36S8, 3690; Nibby, DmtonUy vol. i. p. 377), but from this date all trace of it is lost : it probably was alto- giether abandoned, and the very name became for* gotten. Hence its site was for a long while unknown ; hut in 1756 a Roman antiquarian of the name of Galetti was the first to fix it at a spot still called Civitucola (now more frequently known as S. Mar- tino^ from a ruined church of that name), about 24 sniles from Rome, between the Via Fhiminia and the Tiber, The ancient city appears, like those of Alba XiOnga and Gabii, to have occupied a steep nd^a, forming part of the edge of an ancient rniter or vol- canic basin, now called // Logo, and must have lieen a place of great stnMigth fix^m its nutunil position. iNo remains arc visible, except some truces and fuun- CAPHAREUa dations of the ancient walls ; but these, together with the natural conformation of the ground, and the dis- covery of the inscriptions already cited, clearly iden- tify the spot as the site of Capena. It was about 4 miles on the right of the Via Flaminia, from which a side road seems to have branched off between 19 and 20 miles from Rome, and led directly to the ancient city. It was situated on the banks of a small river now called the 6Vamm«cctd, which ap- pears to have been known in ancient times as the Capenas. (Sil. Ital. xiii. 85.) Concerning the site and remains of Capena, see Galetti, Capena Mtmi- cipio dei Romania 4to., Roma, 1756; Gell, Top. of Romej pp. 149 — 151; Nibby, Z>i«tor»i, voL L pp. 375 — 380; Dennis's f<rt(r»a, vol L pp. 183—185. In the territory of Capena, and near the foot of Mount Soracte, was situated the celebrated sanctu- ary and grove of Feronia, called by Roman writers Lucus Feroniae and Fanum Feroniae, which seems to have in later times grown up into a considerable town. [Febokia.] [E. H. B.] CAPERNAUM (Kw^voo^/i), a town of GaUlee, situated on the northern shore of the Sea of Tiberias, frequently mentioned in the Gospel narrative, and so much resorted to by our Lord as to be called " His own city." (StMaUh. ix.) It was situated on the borders of Zabulon and Naphthali, and is Joined with Chorazin and Betbsaida in the denunciations of our Lord. (jSt. Matth. xi. 23.) It is probably the Kt<l>apv(&fiij of Josephus, . to which he was carried when injured in a skirmish near the Jordan. ( Vitaf § 72.) The name, as written in the New Testament, occurs in Josephus only m connection with a fountain in the rich plain of Gennesareth, which he says was supposed to be a branch of the Nile. (£. «/. iii.19, § 8.) The fountain of this name has not unnaturally led some travellers to look for the town in the same plain as the synonymous fountain ; and Dr. Robinson finds the site of Ca- pernaum at Khan Minieh (vol. iii. pp. 288 — 294), and the fountain which Josephus describes as fer- tilising the plain, he finds at ^Ain-et-Tin, hard by the Khan, which rises close by the lake and does not water the plain at all. The arguments in favour of this site, and against TeU Hum, appear equally inconclusive, and there can be little doubt that the extensive ruins so called, on the north of the lake, about two miles west of the embouchure of the Jordan, retain traces both of the name and site. As to the former, the Kefr (^village) has been con- verted into Tell (heap) in accordance with feet, and the weak radical of the proper name dropped, has changed Nahum into Hdm, so that instead of ** Vil- lage of Consolation," it has appropriately become " the ruined heap of a herd of camels." That Tdl Hum is the site described as Capernaum by Arcul- phus in the 7th century, there can be no question. It could not be more accurately described. ** It was confined in a narrow space between the mountains on the north and the lake en the south, extending in a long line from west to east along the sea shore.** The remains of Roman baths and porticoes and buildings, still attest its former importance. (De- scribed by Robinson, vol. iii. pp. 298, 299 ; see also Roland's Palestine, pp. 882—884.) [G. W.] CAPHA'REUS, or CAPHE'REUS (Koi^p«ws), a rocky and dangerous promontory, forming the south-eastern extremity of Euboea, now called Kavo Doro or Xylofago; it was known by the latter name in the middle ages. (Tzetzes, ad Lycophr. 384.) It was off this promontory tliat the Grecian
