again started for India. Offering her gratuitous services to the government as superintendent of a female normal school at Bombay, she was soon in the midst of a band of lady coadjutors, English and native. Her health gave way in February 1869, and in April she returned to England. Her third visit to India, in the winter of 1869–70, was somewhat disappointing. She made up her mind that more was to be done by the influence she could exert at headquarters in this country than by personal work in India itself. At Bristol, in September 1870, she inaugurated, in connection with a second visit from Keshub Chunder Sen, a ‘National Indian Association,’ of which the Princess Alice ultimately became president. Its object was twofold—to enable Indian visitors to study the institutions of England, and to ripen English opinion respecting the wants of India. She was on the point of adding to her travels a visit to America to study the condition of prisons there, when an invitation to attend, as the guest of the Princess Alice, a congress (September 1872) at Darmstadt on women's work, opened the way for an examination of some of the reformatory systems of the continent. Her voyage to America was made in April 1873. She accepted an invitation to speak on prison reform in the largest church at Hartford, all the other churches being closed for the occasion. From the United States she proceeded to Canada, pointing out the defects in prison arrangements, and interesting herself warmly in the condition of the aborigines. Returning home in the autumn, she had a fresh subject for her applications to government—the state of the Canadian prisons. Her last journey to India was undertaken in September 1875, and lasted till 27 March 1876. Her impressions were now more hopeful. On all her great subjects she made careful reports to the authorities in India and at home, and saw many of her suggestions carried into law. In July 1876 parliament at length authorised her plan of allowing school boards to establish day-feeding industrial schools. She died 14 June 1877, and was buried in the Arno's Vale cemetery, Bristol. Among the mourners were two Hindu boys whose education she was superintending. A tablet to her memory, with an inscription by James Martineau,was placed in the north transept of Bristol Cathedral. An admirable likeness, engraved by C. H. Jeens, is prefixed to her ‘Life.’ Of her personal characteristics there is a brief glimpse (Life, p. 418) by the Rev. W. C. Gannett, who speaks of ‘her great grey eyes, so slow and wise, yet so kind sometimes;’ and a valuable detailed account, doing justice to her quaint sense of humour and her capacity for art (Theological Review, April 1880, p. 279), by Frances Power Cobbe, who was associated with her for some time from November 1858 in her work at Red Lodge. In Harriet Martineau's autobiography there is a charming picture of Mary Carpenter acting as bridesmaid to one of her Red Lodge protégées. Mary Carpenter was a familiar figure at the Social Science congresses, and some of her ablest papers were read at these meetings. Her ‘Life’ gives many evidences of a true poetic vein. In early life she had written poems in the anti-slavery cause, which were printed in America, but her most touching verses were called forth by the loss of friends. Of her separate publications the following are the chief: 1. ‘Meditations and Prayers,’ 1845 (1st ed. anon.; five subsequent editions). 2. ‘Memoir of Joseph Tuckerman,’ 1848 (reprinted in ‘American Unitarian Biography,’ 1851, 8vo, ii. 29 sq., with corrections by Tuckerman's daughter, Mrs. Becker). 3 ‘Ragged Schools, their Principles and Modes of Operation, by a Worker,’ 1849 (reprinted from the ‘Inquirer’ newspaper). 4. ‘Reformatory Schools for the Children of the Perishing and Dangerous Classes, and for Juvenile Offenders,’ 1851, 8vo. 5. ‘Juvenile Delinquents, their Condition and Treatment,’ 1853, 8vo (dedicated to ‘my three helpers in Heaven, my dear Father, Dr. Tuckerman, and Mr. Fletcher,’ i.e. Joseph Fletcher, H.M. inspector of schools). 6. ‘The Claims of Ragged Schools to Pecuniary Educational Aid from the Annual Parliamentary Grant, &c.,’ 1859. 7. ‘What shall we do with our Pauper Children?’ &c., 1861. 8. ‘Our Convicts, how they are made and should be treated,’ 1864, 8vo, 2 vols. (this had the ‘great honour’ of being placed on the Roman ‘Index Expurgatorius’). 9. ‘Last Days in England of the Rajah Rammohun Roy,’ 1866, 8vo. 10. ‘Six Months in India,’ 1868, 8vo, 2 vols. She published also an abridgment of the ‘Memoir’ of her father; and a ‘Young Christian's Hymn Book,’ with supplement.
[Life and Work of Mary Carpenter, 1879, by J. Estlin Carpenter (her nephew); authorities cited above.]
CARPENTER, NATHANAEL (1589–1628?), author and philosopher, son of John Carpenter (d. 1591) [q. v.], rector of Northleigh, Devonshire, was born there on 7 Feb. 1588-9. He matriculated at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, on 7 June 1605; but was elected, on a recommendatory letter of James I, a Devonshire fellow of Exeter College on 30 June 1607. A second Devonshire candidate, Michael
