Its industries include the manufacture of tobacco, soap and leather, and there is a considerable trade in wine and agricultural produce. Founded in the 8th century by Eddo, bishop of Strassburg, Ettenheim remained attached to that see until 1802, when it passed to Baden. Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duke of Enghien (1772–1804), who had taken refuge here in 1801, was arrested in Ettenheim on the 15th of March 1804 and conveyed to Paris, where he was shot on the 20th of March following. The Benedictine abbey of Ettenheimmünster, which was founded in the 8th century and which was dissolved in 1803, occupied a site south of the town.
ETTINGSHAUSEN, CONSTANTIN, Baron von (1826–1897),
Austrian geologist and botanist, was born in Vienna on the
16th of June 1826. He graduated as a doctor of medicine in
Vienna, and became in 1854 professor of botany and natural
history at the medical and surgical military academy in that
city. In 1871 he was chosen professor of botany at Graz, a
position which he occupied until the close of his life. He was
distinguished for his researches on the Tertiary floras of various parts of Europe, and on the fossil floras of Australia and New Zealand. He died at Graz on the 1st of February 1897.
Publications.—Die Farnkräuter der Jetztwelt zur Untersuchung und Bestimmung der in den Formationen der Erdrinde eingeschlossenen Überreste von vorweltlichen Arten dieser Ordnung nach dem Flächen-Skelet bearbeitet (1865); Physiographie der Medicinal-Pflanzen (1862); A Monograph of the British Eocene Flora (with J. Starkie Gardner), Palaeontograph. Soc. vol. i. (Filices, 1879–1882).
ETTLINGEN, a town of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, on the Alb, and the railway Mannheim-Basel, 412 m. S. of Karlsruhe. Pop. (1905) 8040. It is still surrounded by old walls and ditches, and presents a medieval and picturesque appearance. Among its more striking edifices are an old princely
residence, with extensive grounds, an Evangelical and two
Roman Catholic churches, and the buildings of a former
monastery. There are also many Roman remains, notable
among them the “Neptune” sculpture, now embedded in the
wall of the town-hall. Its chief manufactures are paper-making,
spinning, weaving and machine building. The cultivation of
wine and fruit is also largely carried on, and in these products
considerable trade is done.
The first notice of Ettlingen dates from the 8th century. It became a town in 1227 and was presented by the emperor Frederick II. to the margrave of Baden. In 1689 it was pillaged by the French, and near the town Moreau defeated the archduke Charles on the 9th and 10th of July 1796.
See Schwarz, Geschichte der Stadt Ettlingen (Carlsruhe, 1900).
ETTMÜLLER, ERNST MORITZ LUDWIG (1802–1877),
German philologist, was born at Gersdorf near Löbau, in Saxony, on the 5th of October 1802. He was privately educated by his father, the Protestant pastor of the village, entered the gymnasium at Zittau in 1816 and studied from 1823 to 1826 at the
university of Leipzig. After a period of about two years during
which he was partly abroad and partly at Gersdorf, he proceeded
to Jena, where in 1830 he delivered, under the auspices of the
university, a course of lectures on the old Norse poets. Three
years later he was called to occupy the mastership of German
language and literature at the Zürich gymnasium; and in 1863
he left the gymnasium for the university, with which he had been
partially connected twenty years before. He died at Zürich in
April 1877. To the study of English Ettmüller contributed by
an alliterative translation of Beowulf (1840), an Anglo-Saxon
chrestomathy entitled Engla and Seaxna scopas and boceras
(1850), and a well-known Lexicon Anglo-Saxonicum (1851),
in which the explanations and comments are given in Latin,
but the words unfortunately are arranged according to their
etymological affinity, and the letters according to phonetic
relations. He edited a large number of High and Low German
texts, and to the study of the Scandinavian literatures he contributed
an edition of the Völuspa (1831), a translation of the
Lieder der Edda von den Nibelungen (1837) and an old Norse
reading book and vocabulary. He was also the author of a
Handbuch der deutschen Literaturgeschichte (1847), which includes
the treatment of the Anglo-Saxon, the Old Scandinavian, and
the Low German branches; and he popularized a great deal
of literary information in his Herbstabende und Winternächte:
Gespräche über Dichtungen und Dichter (1865–1867). The alliterative
versification which he admired in the old German poems
he himself employed in his Deutsche Stammkönige (1844) and
Das verhängnissvolle Zahnweh, oder Karl der Grosse und der
Heilige Goar (1852).
ETTMÜLLER, MICHAEL (1644–1683), German physician,
was born at Leipzig on the 26th of May 1644, studied at his
native place and at Wittenberg, and after travelling in Italy,
France and England was recalled in 1668 to Leipzig, where
he was admitted a member of the faculty of medicine in 1676.
About the same time the university confided to him the chair of
botany, and appointed him extraordinary professor of surgery
and anatomy. He died on the 9th of March 1683, at Leipzig.
He enjoyed a great reputation as a lecturer, and wrote many
tracts on medical and chemical subjects. His collected works
were published in 1708 by his son, Michael Ernst Ettmüller
(1673–1732), who was successively professor of medicine (1702),
anatomy and surgery (1706), physiology (1719) and pathology
(1724) at Leipzig.
ETTRICK, a river and parish of Selkirkshire, Scotland. The
river rises in Capel Fell (2223 ft.), a hill in the extreme S.W.
of the shire, and flows in a north-easterly direction for 32 m.
to its junction with the Tweed, its principal affluent being the
Yarrow. In the parish of Ettrick were born James Hogg, the
“Ettrick shepherd” (the site of the cottage being marked by a
monument erected in 1898), Tibbie (Elizabeth) Shiel (1782–1878),
keeper of the famous inn at the head of St Mary’s Loch, both
of whom are buried in the churchyard, and Thomas Boston
(1713–1767), one of the founders of the Relief church. About
2 m. below Ettrick church is Thirlestane Castle, the seat of
Lord Napier and Ettrick, a descendant of the Napiers of
Merchiston, and beside it is the ruin of the stronghold that
belonged to John Scott of Thirlestane, to whom, in reward for
his loyalty, James V. granted a sheaf of spears as a crest, and the
motto, “Ready, aye ready.” Two miles up Rankle Burn, a
right-hand tributary, lies the site of Buccleuch, another stronghold
of the Scotts, which gave them the titles of earl (1619) and
duke (1663). Only the merest fragment remains of Tushielaw
tower, occupying high ground opposite the confluence of the
Rankle and the Ettrick, the home of Adam Scott, “King of the
Border,” who was executed for his misdeeds in 1530. Lower
down the dale is Deloraine, recalling one of the leading characters
in The Lay of the Last Minstrel. If the name come from the
Gaelic dail Orain, “Oran’s field,” the district was probably a
scene of the labours of St Oran (d. 548), an Irish saint and friend
of Columba. It seems that Sir Walter Scott’s rhythm has
caused the accent wrongly to be laid on the last, instead of the
penultimate syllable. Carterhaugh, a corruption of Carelhaugh,
occupying the land where Ettrick and Yarrow meet, was the
scene of the ballad of “Young Tamlane,” and of the historic
football match in 1815, under the auspices of the duke of
Buccleuch, between the burghers of Selkirk, championed by
Walter Scott, sheriff of the Forest (not yet a baronet), and the
men of Yarrow vale, championed by the Ettrick shepherd.
ETTY, WILLIAM (1787–1849), British painter, was born at
York, on the 10th of March 1787. His father had been in early
life a miller, but had finally established himself in the city of
York as a baker of spice-bread. After some scanty instruction
of the most elementary kind, the future painter, at the age of
eleven and a half, left the paternal roof, and was bound apprentice
in the printing-office of the Hull Packet. Amid many trials and
discouragements he completed his term of seven years’ servitude,
and having in that period come by practice, at first surreptitious,
though afterwards allowed by his master “in lawful hours,”
to know his own powers, he removed to London.
The kindness of an elder brother and a wealthy uncle, William Etty, himself an artist, stood him in good stead. He commenced his training by copying without instruction from nature, models, prints, &c.—his first academy, as he himself says, being a
