timber is grown on the high lands, and the rich valley pastures support large herds of cattle, while the abundance of oaks and chestnuts favours the rearing of swine. In the lowland districts good crops of maize, wheat, barley, oats and rye, as well as of turnips and potatoes, are obtained. The fruit also is of excellent quality and in great variety, although the culture of the vine is limited to some of the warmer valleys in the southern districts. The dehesas or moorlands abound in game, and fish are plentiful in all the streams. The mineral resources of the province, which are considerable, were known to some extent to the ancients. Strabo (c. 63 B.C.–A.D. 21) speaks of its gold and tin, and Pliny (A.D. 23–79) mentions the gemma Gallaica, a precious stone. Galicia is also remarkable for the number of its sulphur and other warm springs, the most important of which are those at Lugo, and those from which Orense is said to take its name (Aquae urentes).
Ethnologically the Galicians (Gallegos) are allied to the Portuguese, whom they resemble in dialect, in appearance and in habits more than the other inhabitants of the peninsula. The men are well known all over Spain and Portugal as hardy, honest and industrious, but for the most part somewhat unskilled, labourers; indeed the word Gallego has come to be almost a synonym in Madrid for a “hewer of wood and drawer of water.” It is also used as a term of abuse, meaning “boor.” Agriculture engages the greater part of the resident population, both male and female; other industries, except the fisheries, are little developed. The largest town in Galicia is Corunna (pop. 1900, 43,971); Santiago de Compostela is the ancient capital and an archiepiscopal see; Lugo, Tuy, Mondoñedo and Orense are bishoprics.
Gallaecia, the country of the Galacci, Callaici or Gallaici, seems to have been very imperfectly known to the earlier geographers. According to Eratosthenes (276–196 B.C.) the entire population of the peninsula were at one time called Galatae. The region properly called by their name, bounded on the south by the Douro and on the east by the Navia, was first entered by the Roman legions under Decius Junius Brutus in 137–136 B.C. (Livy lv., lvi., Epit.); but the final subjugation cannot be placed earlier than the time of Augustus (31 B.C.–A.D. 14). On the partition of Spain, which followed the successful invasions of the Suevi, Alans and Vandals, Gallaecia fell to the lot of the first named (A.D. 411). After an independent subsistence of nearly 200 years, the Suevian kingdom was annexed to the Visigothic dominions under Leovigild in 585. In 734 it was occupied by the Moors, who in turn were driven out by Alphonso I. of Asturias, in 739. During the 9th and 10th centuries it was the subject of dispute between more than one count of Galicia and the suzerain, and its coasts were repeatedly ravaged by the Normans. When Ferdinand I. divided his kingdom among his sons in 1063, Galicia was the portion allotted to Garcia, the youngest of the three. In 1072 it was forcibly reannexed by Garcia’s brother Alphonso VI. of Castile and thenceforward it remained an integral part of the kingdom of Castile or of Leon. The honorary title of count of Galicia has frequently been borne by younger sons of the Spanish sovereign.
See Annette B. Meakin, Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain (London, 1909).
GALIGNANI, GIOVANNI ANTONIO (1752–1821), newspaper
publisher, was born at Brescia, Italy, in 1752. After living some
time in London, he went to Paris, where he started in 1800 an
English library, and in 1808 a monthly publication, the Repertory
of English Literature. In 1814 he began to publish, in Paris,
Galignani’s Messenger, a daily paper printed in English. At his
death in 1821 the paper was carried on by his two sons, Jean-Antoine
(1796–1873) and Guillaume (1798–1882). Under their
management it enjoyed a high reputation. Its policy was to
promote good feeling between England and France. The brothers
established and endowed hospitals at Corbeil and at Neuilly-sur-Seine.
In recognition of their generosity the city of Corbeil
erected a monument in their honour. In 1884 the Galignani
family disposed of their interest in Galignani’s Messenger, and
from that date until 1904, when it was discontinued, the paper
appeared under the title of the Daily Messenger.
GALILEE (Heb. גָּלִיל, “border” or “ring,” Gr. Γαλιλαία), a
Roman province of Palestine north of Samaria, bounded S. by
Samaria and the Carmel range, E. by the Jordan, N. by the
Leontes (Litāni), and W. by the Mediterranean and part of
Phoenicia. Its maximum extent was about 60 m. north to south
and 30 east to west. The name in the Hebrew Scriptures hardly
had a definite territorial significance. It literally means a ring or
circuit, and, like analogous words in English, could be applied to
various districts. Thus Joshua (xiii. 2) and Joel (iii. 4) refer to
the Geliloth (“borders, coast”) of the Philistines or of Palestine;
Joshua again (xxii. 10, 11) and Ezekiel (xlvii. 8) mention the
Jordan valley plain as the “Geliloth of Jordan” in “the Eastern
Gelilah.” In its more restricted connotation, denoting the
district to which it is usually applied or a part thereof, it is found
in Joshua xx. 7, xxi. 32, 1 Chr. vi. 76, as the place where was
situated the town of Kadesh; and in 1 Kings ix. 11, the district of
“worthless” cities given by Solomon to Hiram. In Isa. ix. 1 we
find the full name of the district, Galil ha-Goyim, literally “the
ring, circuit or border of the foreigners”—referring to the
Phoenicians, Syrians and Aramaeans, by whose country the
province was on three sides surrounded. In 1 Kings xv. 29 it is
specified as one of the districts whose population was deported by
Tiglath-Pileser. Throughout the Old Testament history, however,
Galilee as a whole cannot be said to have a history; the
unit of territorial subdivision was tribal rather than provincial,
and though such important events as those associated with the
names of Barak, Gideon, Gilboa, Armageddon, took place within
its borders, yet these belong rather to the histories of Issachar,
Zebulon, Asher or Naphtali, whose territories together almost
correspond with Galilee, than to the province itself.
After the Jewish return from exile the population confined itself to Judaea, and Galilee was left in the possession of the mixed multitude of successors established there by the Assyrians. When it once more came into Israelite hands is uncertain; it is generally supposed that its reconquest was due to John Hyrcanus. Before very long it developed a nationalism and patriotism as intense as that of Judaea itself, notwithstanding the contempt with which the metropolitans of Jerusalem looked down upon the Galilean provincials. Stock proverbial sayings such as “Out of Galilee cometh no prophet” (though Deborah, Jonah, Elisha, and probably Hosea, were Galileans) were apparently common. Provincialism of speech (Matt. xxvi. 73) distinguished the Galileans; it appears that they confused the gutturals in pronunciation.
Under the Roman domination Galilee was made a tetrarchate governed by members of the Herod family. Herod the Great was tetrarch of Galilee in 47 B.C.; in 4 B.C. he was succeeded by his son Antipas. Galilee was the land of Christ’s boyhood and the chief centre of His active work, and in His various ministries here some of His chief discourses were uttered (as the Sermon on the Mount, Matt. v.) and some of His chief miracles performed.
After the destruction of Jerusalem the Judaean Rabbinic schools took refuge in the Galilee they had heretofore despised. No ancient remains of Jewish synagogues exist except those that have been identified in some of the ancient Galilean towns, such as Tell Ḥum (Talḥūm), Kerāzeh, Kefr Birʽīm, and elsewhere. One of the chief centres of Rabbinism was Ṣafed, still a sacred city of the Jews and largely inhabited by members of that faith. Near here is Meirūn, a place much revered by the Jews as containing the tombs of Hillel, Shammai and Simon ben Yohai; a yearly festival in honour of these rabbis is here celebrated. At Tiberias also are the tombs of distinguished Jewish teachers, including Maimonides.
The province was subdivided into two parts, Upper and Lower Galilee, the two being divided by a ridge running west to east, which prolonged would cut the Jordan about midway between Ḥūleh and the Sea of Galilee. Lower Galilee includes the plains of Buttauf and Esdraelon.
The whole of Galilee presents country more or less disturbed by volcanic action. In the lower division the hills are all tilted up towards the east, and broad streams of lava have flowed over the plateau above the sea of Galilee. In this district the highest hills are only about 1800 ft. above the sea. The Lower Galilee.ridge of Nazareth rises north of the great plain of Esdraelon, and
