or singing girl, which includes lessons in dancing, begins often as early as her seventh year. Her apprenticeship over, she contracts with her employer for a number of years, and is seldom able to reach independence except by marriage. There is a capitation fee of two yen per month on the actual singing girls, and of one yen on the apprentices.
See Jukichi Inouye, Sketches of Tokyo Life.
GEISLINGEN, a town of Germany in the kingdom of Württemberg,
on the Thierbach, 38 m. by rail E.S.E. of Stuttgart. Pop.
(1905) 7050. It has shops for the carving and turning of bone,
ivory, wood and horn, besides iron-works, machinery factories,
glass-works, brewing and bleaching works, &c. The church of
St Mary contains wood-carving by Jörg Syrlin the Younger.
Above the town lie the ruins of the castle of Helfenstein, which
was destroyed in 1552. Having been for a few years in the
possession of Bavaria, the town passed to Württemberg in 1810.
See Weitbrecht, Wanderungen durch Geislingen und seine Umgebung (Stuttgart, 1896).
GEISSLER, HEINRICH (1814–1879), German physicist, was
born at the village of Igelshieb in Saxe-Meiningen on the 26th
of May 1814 and was educated as a glass-blower. In 1854 he
settled at Bonn, where he speedily gained a high reputation for
his skill and ingenuity of conception in the fabrication of chemical
and physical apparatus. With Julius Plücker, in 1852, he ascertained
the maximum density of water to be at 3·8° C. He
also determined the coefficient of expansion for ice between
−24° and −7°, and for water freezing at 0°. In 1869, in conjunction
with H. P. J. Vogelsang, he proved the existence of
liquid carbon dioxide in cavities in quartz and topaz, and later
he obtained amorphous from ordinary phosphorus by means of
the electric current. He is best known as the inventor of the
sealed glass tubes which bear his name, by means of which are
exhibited the phenomena accompanying the discharge of electricity
through highly rarefied vapours and gases. Among other
apparatus contrived by him were a vaporimeter, mercury air-pump,
balances, normal thermometer, and areometer. From
the university of Bonn, on the occasion of its jubilee in 1868, he
received the honorary degree of doctor of philosophy. He died
at Bonn on the 24th of January 1879.
See A. W. Hofmann, Ber. d. deut. chem. Ges. p. 148 (1879).
GELA, a city of Sicily, generally and almost certainly identified
with the modern Terranova (q.v.). It was founded by Cretan
and Rhodian colonists in 688 B.C., and itself founded Acragas
(see Agrigentum) in 582 B.C. It also had a treasure-house at
Olympia. The town took its name from the river to the east
(Thucydides vi. 2), which in turn was so called from its winter
frost (γέλα in the Sicel dialect; cf. Lat. gelidus). The Rhodian
settlers called it Lindioi (see Lindus). Gela enjoyed its greatest
prosperity under Hippocrates (498–491 B.C.), whose dominion
extended over a considerable part of the island. Gelon, who
seized the tyranny on his death, became master of Syracuse in
485 B.C., and transferred his capital thither with half the inhabitants
of Gela, leaving his brother Hiero to rule over the rest.
Its prosperity returned, however, after the expulsion of Thrasybulus
in 466 B.C.,[1] but in 405 it was besieged by the Carthaginians
and abandoned by Dionysius’ order, after his failure (perhaps
due to treachery) to drive the besiegers away (E. A. Freeman,
Hist. of Sic. iii. 562 seq.). The inhabitants later returned and
rebuilt the town, but it never regained its position. In 311 B.C.
Agathocles put to death 5000 of its inhabitants; and finally,
after its destruction by the Mamertines about 281 B.C., Phintias
of Agrigentum transferred the remainder to the new town of
Phintias (now Licata, q.v.). It seems that in Roman times they
still kept the name of Gelenses or Geloi in their new abode (Th.
Mommsen in C.I.L. x., Berlin, 1883, p. 737). (T. As.)
GELADA, the Abyssinian name of a large species of baboon,
differing from the members of the genus Papio (see Baboon)
by the nostrils being situated some distance above the extremity
of the muzzle, and hence made the type of a separate genus,
under the name of Theropithecus gelada. In the heavy mantle
of long brown hair covering the fore-quarters of the old males,
with the exception of the bare chest, which is reddish flesh-colour,
the gelada recalls the Arabian baboon (Papio hamadryas), and
from this common feature it has been proposed to place the two
species in the same genus. The gelada inhabits the mountains of
Abyssinia, where, like other baboons, it descends in droves to
pillage cultivated lands. A second species, or race, Theropithecus
obscurus, distinguished by its darker hairs and the presence of
a bare flesh-coloured ring round each eye, inhabits the eastern
confines of Abyssinia. (R. L.*)
GELASIUS, the name of two popes.
Gelasius I., pope from 492 to 496, was the successor of Felix III. He confirmed the estrangement between the Eastern and Western churches by insisting on the removal of the name of Acacius, bishop of Constantinople, from the diptychs. He is the author of De duabus in Christo naturis adversus Eutychen et Nestorium. A great number of his letters has also come down to us. His name has been attached to a Liber Sacramentorum anterior to that of St Gregory, but he can have composed only certain parts of it. As to the so-called Decretum Gelasii de libris recipiendis et non recipiendis, it also is a compilation of documents anterior to Gelasius, and it is difficult to determine Gelasius’s contributions to it. At all events, as we know it, it is of Roman origin, and 6th-century or later. (L. D.*)
Gelasius II. (Giovanni Coniulo), pope from the 24th of January 1118 to the 29th of January 1119, was born at Gaeta of an illustrious family. He became a monk of Monte Cassino, was taken to Rome by Urban II., and made chancellor and cardinal-deacon of Sta Maria in Cosmedin. Shortly after his unanimous election to succeed Paschal II. he was seized by Cencius Frangipane, a partisan of the emperor Henry V., but freed by a general uprising of the Romans in his behalf. The emperor drove Gelasius from Rome in March, pronounced his election null and void, and set up Burdinus, archbishop of Braga, as antipope under the name of Gregory VIII. Gelasius fled to Gaeta, where he was ordained priest on the 9th of March and on the following day received episcopal consecration. He at once excommunicated Henry and the antipope and, under Norman protection, was able to return to Rome in July; but the disturbances of the imperialist party, especially of the Frangipani, who attacked the pope while celebrating mass in the church of St Prassede, compelled Gelasius to go once more into exile. He set out for France, consecrating the cathedral of Pisa on the way, and arrived at Marseilles in October. He was received with great enthusiasm at Avignon, Montpellier and other cities, held a synod at Vienne in January 1119, and was planning to hold a general council to settle the investiture contest when he died at Cluny. His successor was Calixtus II.
His letters are in J. P. Migne, Patrol. Lat. vol. 163. The original life by Pandulf is in J. M. Watterich, Pontif. Roman. vitae (Leipzig, 1862), and there is an important digest of his bulls and official acts in Jaffé-Wattenbach, Regesta pontif. Roman. (1885–1888).
See J. Langen, Geschichte der römischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III. (Bonn, 1893); F. Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 4, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1896); A. Wagner, Die unteritalischen Normannen und das Papsttum, 1086–1150 (Breslau, 1885); W. von Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, Bd. iii. (Brunswick, 1890); G. Richter, Annalen der deutschen Geschichte im Mittelalter, iii. (Halle, 1898); H. H. Milman, Latin Christianity, vol. 4 (London, 1899). (C. H. Ha.)
GELATI, a Georgian monastery in Russian Transcaucasia,
in the government of Kutais, 11 m. E. of the town of Kutais,
standing on a rocky spur (705 ft. above sea-level) in the valley of
the Rion. It was founded in 1109 by the Georgian king David
the Renovator. The principal church, a sandstone cathedral,
dates from the end of the preceding century, and contains the
royal crown of the former Georgian kingdom of Imeretia, besides
ancient MSS., ecclesiological furniture, and fresco portraits of
the kings of Imeretia. Here also, in a separate chapel, is the
tomb of David the Renovator (1089–1125) and part of the iron
gate of the town of Ganja (now Elisavetpol), which that monarch
brought away as a trophy of his capture of the place.
GELATIN, or Gelatine, the substance which passes into solution when “collagen,” the ground substance of bone, cartilage and white fibrous tissue, is treated with boiling water
- ↑ Aeschylus died there in 456 B.C.
