(1715); but he was accused of suppressing important documents and foisting in apocryphal matter, and by the order of the parlement of Paris (then at war with the Jesuits) the publication of the work was delayed. It is really a valuable collection, much cited by scholars. Hardouin declared that all the councils supposed to have taken place before the council of Trent were fictitious. It is, however, as the originator of a variety of paradoxical theories that Hardouin is now best remembered. The most remarkable, contained in his Chronologiae ex nummis antiquis restitutae (1696) and Prolegomena ad censuram veterum scriptorum, was to the effect that, with the exception of the works of Homer, Herodotus and Cicero, the Natural History of Pliny, the Georgics of Virgil, and the Satires and Epistles of Horace, all the ancient classics of Greece and Rome were spurious, having been manufactured by monks of the 13th century, under the direction of a certain Severus Archontius. He denied the genuineness of most ancient works of art, coins and inscriptions, and declared that the New Testament was originally written in Latin.
See A. Debacker, Bibliothèque des écrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus (1853).
HARDT, HERMANN VON DER (1660–1746), German historian
and orientalist, was born at Melle, in Westphalia, on the 15th
of November 1660. He studied oriental languages in Jena and
in Leipzig, and in 1690 he was called to the chair of oriental
languages at Helmstedt. He resigned his position in 1727, but
lived at Helmstedt until his death on the 28th of February 1746.
Among his numerous writings the following deserve mention:
Autographa Lutheri aliorumque celebrium virorum, ab anno 1517
ad annum 1546, Reformationis aetatem et historiam egregie
illustrantia (1690–1691); Magnum oecumenicum Constantiense
concilium (1697–1700); Hebraeae linguae fundamenta (1694);
Syriacae linguae fundamenta (1694); Elementa Chaldaica (1693);
Historia litteraria reformationis (1717); Enigmata prisci orbis
(1723). Hardt left in manuscript a history of the Reformation
which is preserved in the Helmstedt Juleum.
See F. Lamey, Hermann von der Hardt in seinen Briefen (Karlsruhe, 1891).
HARDT, THE, a mountainous district of Germany, in the
Bavarian palatinate, forming the northern end of the Vosges
range. It is, in the main, an undulating high plateau of sandstone
formation, of a mean elevation of 1300 ft., and reaching its
highest point in the Donnersberg (2254 ft.). The eastern slope,
which descends gently towards the Rhine, is diversified by deep
and well-wooded valleys, such as those of the Lauter and the
Queich, and by conical hills surmounted by the ruins of frequent
feudal castles and monasteries. Noticeable among these are the
Madenburg near Eschbach, the Trifels (long the dungeon of
Richard I. of England), and the Maxburg near Neustadt. Three-fifths
of the whole area is occupied by forests, principally oak,
beech and fir. The lower eastern slope is highly cultivated and
produces excellent wine.
HARDWAR, or Hurdwar, an ancient town of British India,
and Hindu place of pilgrimage, in the Saharanpur district of
the United Provinces, on the right bank of the Ganges, 17 m.
N.E. of Rurki, with a railway station. The Ganges canal here
takes off from the river. A branch railway to Dehra was opened
in 1900. Pop. (1901), 25,597. The town is of great antiquity,
and has borne many names. It was originally known as Kapila
from the sage Kapila. Hsūan Tsang, the Chinese Buddhist
pilgrim, in the 7th century visited a city which he calls Mo-yu-lo,
the remains of which still exist at Mayapur, a little to the south
of the modern town. Among the ruins are a fort and three
temples, decorated with broken stone sculptures. The great
object of attraction at present is the Hari-ka-charan, or bathing
ghat, with the adjoining temple of Gangadwara. The charan
or foot-mark of Vishnu, imprinted on a stone let into the upper
wall of the ghat, forms an object of special reverence. A great
assemblage of people takes place annually, at the beginning
of the Hindu solar year, when the sun enters Aries; and every
twelfth year a feast of peculiar sanctity occurs, known as a
Kumbh-mela. The ordinary number of pilgrims at the annual fair
amounts to 100,000, and at the Kumbh-mela to 300,000; in
1903 there were 400,000 present. Since 1892 many sanitary
improvements have been made for the benefit of the annual
concourse of pilgrims. In early days riots and also outbreaks
of cholera were of common occurrence. The Hardwar meeting
also possesses mercantile importance, being one of the principal
horse-fairs in Upper India. Commodities of all kinds, Indian
and European, find a ready sale, and the trade in grain and
food-stuffs forms a lucrative traffic.
HARDWICKE, PHILIP YORKE, 1st Earl of (1690–1764),
English lord chancellor, son of Philip Yorke, an attorney, was
born at Dover, on the 1st of December 1690. Through his
mother, Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Richard Gibbon
of Rolvenden, Kent, he was connected with the family of Gibbon
the historian. At the age of fourteen, after a not very thorough
education at a private school at Bethnal Green, where, however,
he showed exceptional promise, he entered an attorney’s office
in London. Here he gave some attention to literature and the
classics as well as to law; but in the latter he made such progress
that his employer, Salkeld, impressed by Yorke’s powers, entered
him at the Middle Temple in November 1708; and soon afterwards
recommended him to Lord Chief Justice Parker (afterwards
earl of Macclesfield) as law tutor to his sons. In 1715 he
was called to the bar, where his progress was, says Lord Campbell,
“more rapid than that of any other débutant in the annals of
our profession,” his advancement being greatly furthered by the
patronage of Macclesfield, who became lord chancellor in 1718,
when Yorke transferred his practice from the king’s bench to
the court of chancery, though he continued to go on the western
circuit. In the following year he established his reputation
as an equity lawyer in a case in which Sir Robert Walpole’s
family was interested, by an argument displaying profound
learning and research concerning the jurisdiction of the
chancellor, on lines which he afterwards more fully developed
in a celebrated letter to Lord Kames on the distinction between
law and equity. Through Macclesfield’s influence with the duke
of Newcastle Yorke entered parliament in 1719 as member for
Lewes, and was appointed solicitor-general, with a knighthood,
in 1720, although he was then a barrister of only four years’
standing. His conduct of the prosecution of Christopher Layer
in that year for treason as a Jacobite further raised Sir Philip
Yorke’s reputation as a forensic orator; and in 1723, having
already become attorney-general, he passed through the House
of Commons the bill of pains and penalties against Bishop
Atterbury. He was excused, on the ground of his personal
friendship, from acting for the crown in the impeachment of
Macclesfield in 1725, though he did not exert himself to save
his patron from disgrace largely brought about by Macclesfield’s
partiality for Yorke himself. He soon found a new and still
more influential patron in the duke of Newcastle, to whom he
henceforth gave his political support. He rendered valuable
service to Walpole’s government by his support of the bill for
prohibiting loans to foreign powers (1730), of the increase of
the army (1732) and of the excise bill (1733). In 1733 Yorke
was appointed lord chief justice of the king’s bench, with the
title of Lord Hardwicke, and was sworn of the privy council;
and in 1737 he succeeded Talbot as lord chancellor, thus becoming
a member of Sir Robert Walpole’s cabinet. One of his first
official acts was to deprive the poet Thomson of a small office conferred on him by Talbot.
Hardwicke’s political importance was greatly increased by his removal to the House of Lords, where the incompetency of Newcastle threw on the chancellor the duty of defending the measures of the government. He resisted Carteret’s motion to reduce the army in 1738, and the resolutions hostile to Spain over the affair of Captain Jenkins’s ears. But when Walpole bent before the storm and declared war against Spain, Hardwicke advocated energetic measures for its conduct; and he tried to keep the peace between Newcastle and Walpole. There is no sufficient ground for Horace Walpole’s charge that the fall of Sir Robert was brought about by Hardwicke’s treachery. No one was more surprised than himself when he retained the
