The authorities for the life of Henry the Lion are those dealing with the reign of the emperor Frederick I., and the early years of his son King Henry VI. The chief modern works are H. Prutz, Heinrich der Löwe (Leipzig, 1865); M. Philippson, Geschichte Heinrichs des Löwen (Leipzig, 1867); and L. Weiland, Das sächsische Herzogthum unter Lothar und Heinrich dem Löwen (Greifswald, 1866).
HENRY, Prince of Battenberg (1858–1896), was the third
son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and his morganatic wife, the
beautiful Countess Julia von Hauke, to whom was granted in
1858 the title of princess of Battenberg, which her children
inherited. He was born at Milan on the 5th of October 1858,
was educated with a special view to military service, and in due
time became a lieutenant in the first regiment of Rhenish
hussars. By their relationship to the grand dukes of Hesse the
princes of Battenberg were brought into close contact with the
English court, and Prince Henry paid several visits to England,
where he soon became popular both in public and in private
circles. It therefore created but little surprise when, towards
the close of 1884, it was announced that Queen Victoria had
sanctioned his engagement to the Princess Beatrice. The
wedding took place at Whippingham on the 23rd of July 1885,
and after the honeymoon the prince and princess settled down
to a quiet home life with the queen, being seldom absent from
the court, and accompanying her majesty in her annual visits
to the continent. Three sons and a daughter were the issue
of the marriage. On the 31st of July 1885 a bill to naturalize
Prince Henry was passed by the House of Lords, and he received
the title of royal highness. He was made a Knight of the Garter
and a member of the Privy Council, and also appointed a colonel
in the army, and afterwards captain-general and governor of the
Isle of Wight and governor of Carisbrooke Castle. He adapted
himself very readily to English country life, for he was an excellent
shot and an enthusiastic yachtsman. Coming of a martial race,
the prince would gladly have embraced an active military career,
and when the Ashanti expedition was organized in November
1895 he volunteered to join it. But when the expedition reached
Prahsu, about 30 m. from Kumasi, he was struck down by fever,
and being promptly conveyed back to the coast, was placed
on board H.M.S. “Blonde.” On the 17th of January he seemed
to recover slightly, but a relapse occurred on the 19th, and he
died on the evening of the 20th off the coast of Sierra Leone.
HENRY FITZ HENRY (1155–1183), second son of Henry II.,
king of England, by Eleanor of Aquitaine, became heir to the
throne on the death of his brother William (1156), and at the
age of five was married to Marguerite, the infant daughter of
Louis VII. In 1170 he was crowned at Westminster by Roger
of York. The protests of Becket against this usurpation of
the rights of Canterbury were the ultimate cause of the primate’s
murder. The young king soon quarrelled with his father, who
allowed him no power and a wholly inadequate revenue, and
headed the great baronial revolt of 1173. He was assisted by his
father-in-law, to whose court he had repaired; but, failing
to shake the old king’s power either in Normandy or England,
made peace in 1174. Despite the generous terms which he
received, he continued to intrigue with Louis VII., and was
in consequence jealously watched by his father. In 1182 he
and his younger brother Geoffrey took up arms, on the side of
the Poitevin rebels, against Richard Cœur de Lion; apparently
from resentment at the favour which Henry II. had shown to
Richard in giving him the government of Poitou while they
were virtually landless. Henry II. took the field in aid of
Richard; but the young king and Geoffrey had no scruples
about withstanding their father, and continued to aid the
Aquitanian rising until the young king fell ill of a fever which
proved fatal to him (June 11, 1183). His death was bitterly
regretted by his father and by all who had known him. Though
of a fickle and treacherous nature, he had all the personal fascination
of his family, and is extolled by his contemporaries as a
mirror of chivalry. His train was full of knights who served
him without pay for the honour of being associated with his
exploits in the tilting-lists and in war.
The original authorities for Henry’s life are Robert de Torigni, Chronica; Giraldus Cambrensis, De instructione principum, Guillaume le Maréchal (ed. P. Meyer, Paris, 1891, &c.); Benedict, Gesta Henrici, William of Newburgh. See also Kate Norgate, England under the Angevin Kings (1887); Sir James Ramsay, Angevin Empire (1903); and C. E. Hodgson, Jung Heinrich, König von England (Jena, 1906).
HENRY, or in full, Henry Benedict Maria Clement
Stuart (1725–1807), usually known as Cardinal York, the
last prince of the royal house of Stuart, was the younger son
of James Stuart, and was born in the Palazzo Muti at Rome
on the 6th of March 1725. He was created duke of York by his
father soon after his birth, and by this title he was always
alluded to by Jacobite adherents of his house. British visitors
to Rome speak of him as a merry high-spirited boy with martial
instincts; nevertheless, he grew up studious, peace-loving and
serious. In order to be of assistance to his brother Charles,
who was then campaigning in Scotland, Henry was despatched
in the summer of 1745 to France, where he was placed in nominal
command of French troops at Dunkirk, with which the marquis
d’Argenson had some vague idea of invading England. Seven
months after Charles’s return from Scotland Henry secretly
departed to Rome and, with the full approval of his father,
but to the intense disgust of his brother, was created a cardinal
deacon under the title of the cardinal of York by Pope Benedict
XIV. on the 3rd of July 1747. In the following year he was
ordained priest, and nominated arch-priest of the Vatican
Basilica. In 1759 he was consecrated archbishop of Corinth
in partibus, and in 1761 bishop of Frascati (the ancient Tusculum)
in the Alban Hills near Rome. Six years later he was
appointed vice-chancellor of the Holy See. Henry Stuart
likewise held sinecure benefices in France, Spain and Spanish
America, so that he became one of the wealthiest churchmen of
the period, his annual revenue being said to amount to £30,000
sterling. On the death of his father, James Stuart (whose
affairs he had managed during the last five years of his life),
Henry made persistent attempts to induce Pope Clement XIII.
to acknowledge his brother Charles as legitimate king of Great
Britain, but his efforts were defeated, chiefly through the adverse
influence of Cardinal Alessandro Albani, who was bitterly
opposed to the Stuart cause. On Charles’s death in 1788 Henry
issued a manifesto asserting his hereditary right to the British
crown, and likewise struck a medal, commemorative of the event,
with the legend “Hen. IX. Mag. Brit. Fr. et Hib. Rex. Fid.
Def. Card. Ep. Tusc:” (Henry the Ninth of Great Britain, France
and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, Cardinal, Bishop of
Frascati). In February 1798, at the approach of the invading
French forces, Henry was forced to fly from Frascati to Naples,
whence at the close of the same year he sailed to Messina. From
Messina he proceeded by sea in order to be present at the expected
conclave at Venice, where he arrived in the spring of
1799, aged, ill and almost penniless. His sad plight was now
made known by Cardinal Stefano Borgia to Sir John Coxe
Hippisley (d. 1825), who had formerly acted semi-officially on
behalf of the British government at the court of Pius VI. Sir
John Hippisley appealed to George III., who on the warm
recommendation of Prince Augustus Frederick, duke of Sussex,
gave orders for the annual payment of a pension of £4000 to the
last of the Royal Stuarts. Henry received the proffered assistance
gratefully, and in return for the king’s kindness subsequently
left by his will certain British crown jewels in his possession to
the prince regent. In 1800 Henry was able to return to Rome,
and in 1803, being now senior cardinal bishop, he became ipso
facto dean of the Sacred College and bishop of Ostia and Velletri.
He died at Frascati on the 13th of July 1807, and was buried in
the Grotte Vaticane of St Peter’s in an urn bearing the title
of “Henry IX.”; he is also commemorated in Canova’s well-known
monument to the Royal Stuarts (see James). The
Stuart archives, once the property of Cardinal York, were
subsequently presented by Pope Pius VII. to the prince
regent, who placed them in the royal library at Windsor
Castle.
See B. W. Kelly, Life of Cardinal York; H. M. Vaughan, Last of the Royal Stuarts; and A. Shield, Henry Stuart, Cardinal of York, and his Times (1908). (H. M. V.)
