town marks the spot where Ferdinand I., in 1527, swore fidelity to the Bohemian states. During the Thirty Years’ War Iglau was twice captured by the Swedes. In 1742 it fell into the hands of the Prussians, and in December 1805 the Bavarians under Wrede were defeated near the town.
IGLESIAS, a town and episcopal see of Sardinia in the province
of Cagliari, from which it is 34 m. W.N.W. by rail, 620 ft. above
sea-level. Pop. (1901) 10,436 (town), 20,874 (commune). It
is finely situated among the mountains in the S.W. portion
of the island, and is chiefly important as the centre of a mining
district; it has a government school for mining engineers.
The minerals are conveyed by a small railway via Monteponi
(with its large lead and zinc mine) to Portovesme (15 m. S.W.
of Iglesias in the sheltered gulf of Carloforte), near Portoscuso,
where they are shipped. The total amount of the minerals
extracted in Sardinia in 1905 was 170,236 tons and their value
£765,054 (chiefly consisting of 99,749 tons of calamine zinc,
26,051 of blende zinc, 24,798 tons of lead and 15,429 tons of
lignite): the greater part of them—118,009 tons—was exported
from Portoscuso by sea and most of the rest from Cagliari, the
zinc going mainly to Antwerp, and in a less proportion to
Bordeaux and Dunkirk, while the lead is sent to Pertusola
near Spezia, to be smelted. At Portoscuso is also a tunny
fishery.
The cathedral of Iglesias, built by the Pisans, has a good façade (restored); the interior is late Spanish Gothic. San Francesco is a fine Gothic church with a gallery over the entrance, while Sta Chiara and the church of the Capuchins (the former dating from 1285) show a transition between Romanesque and Gothic. The battlemented town walls are well preserved and picturesque; the castle, built in 1325, now contains a glass factory. The church of Nostra Signora del Buon Cammino above the town (1080 ft.) commands a fine view.
IGNATIEV, NICHOLAS PAVLOVICH, Count (1832–1908),
Russian diplomatist, was born at St Petersburg on the 29th of
January 1832. His father, Captain Paul Ignatiev, had been
taken into favour by the tsar Nicholas I., owing to his fidelity
on the occasion of the military conspiracy in 1825; and the
grand duke Alexander (afterwards tsar) stood sponsor at the
boy’s baptism. At the age of seventeen he became an officer
of the Guards. His diplomatic career began at the congress
of Paris, after the Crimean War, where he took an active part
as military attaché in the negotiations regarding the rectification
of the Russian frontier on the Lower Danube. Two years
later (1858) he was sent with a small escort on a dangerous
mission to Khiva and Bokhara. The khan of Khiva laid a plan
for detaining him as a hostage, but he eluded the danger and
returned safely, after concluding with the khan of Bokhara a
treaty of friendship. His next diplomatic exploit was in the
Far East, as plenipotentiary to the court of Peking. When the
Chinese government was terrified by the advance of the Anglo-French
expedition of 1860 and the burning of the Summer
Palace, he worked on their fears so dexterously that he obtained
for Russia not only the left bank of the Amur, the original
object of the mission, but also a large extent of territory and
sea-coast south of that river. This success was supposed to
prove his capacity for dealing with Orientals, and paved his way
to the post of ambassador at Constantinople, which he occupied
from 1864 till 1877. Here his chief aim was to liberate from
Turkish domination and bring under the influence of Russia
the Christian nationalities in general and the Bulgarians in
particular. His restless activity in this field, mostly of a semi-official
and secret character, culminated in the Russo-Turkish
war of 1877–1878, at the close of which he negotiated with the
Turkish plenipotentiaries the treaty of San Stefano. As the
war which he had done so much to bring about did not eventually
secure for Russia advantages commensurate with the sacrifices
involved, he fell into disfavour, and retired from active service.
Shortly after the accession of Alexander III. in 1881, he was
appointed minister of the interior on the understanding that he
would carry out a nationalist, reactionary policy, but his shifty
ways and his administrative incapacity so displeased his imperial
master that he was dismissed in the following year. After that
time he exercised no important influence in public affairs. He
died on the 3rd of July 1908.
IGNATIUS (Ἰγνάτιος), bishop of Antioch, one of the “Apostolic
Fathers.” No one connected with the history of the early
Christian Church is more famous than Ignatius, and yet among
the leading churchmen of the time there is scarcely one about
whose career we know so little. Our only trustworthy information
is derived from the letters which he wrote to various
churches on his last journey from Antioch to Rome, and from
the short epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians. The earlier
patristic writers seem to have known no more than we do.
Irenaeus, for instance, gives a quotation from his Epistle to
the Romans and does not appear to know (or if he knew he
has forgotten) the name of the author, since he describes him
(Adv. haer. v. 28. 4) as “one of those belonging to us” (τις τῶν ἡμετέρων). If Eusebius possessed any knowledge about Ignatius
apart from the letters he never reveals it. The only shred of
extra information which he gives us is the statement that
Ignatius “was the second successor of Peter in the bishopric
of Antioch” (Eccles. hist. iii. 36). Of course in later times
a cloud of tradition arose, but none of it bears the least evidence
of trustworthiness. The martyrologies, from which the account
of his martyrdom that used to appear in uncritical church
histories is taken, are full of anachronisms and impossibilities.
There are two main types—the Roman and the Syrian—out
of which the others are compounded. They contradict each
other in many points and even their own statements in different
places are sometimes quite irreconcilable. Any truth that
the narrative may contain is hopelessly overlaid with fiction.
We are therefore limited to the Epistles for our information,
and before we can use even these we are confronted with a most
complex critical problem, a problem which for ages aroused
the most bitter controversy, but which happily now, thanks
to the labours of Zahn, Lightfoot, Harnack and Funk, may be
said to have reached a satisfactory solution.
I. The Problem of the Three Recensions.—The Ignatian problem arises from the fact that we possess three different recensions of the Epistles. (a) The short recension (often called the Vossian) contains the letters to the Ephesians, Magnesians, Trallians, Romans, Philadelphians, Smyrnaeans and to Polycarp. This recension was derived in its Greek form from the famous Medicean MS. at Florence and first published by Vossius in 1646 (see Theol. Literaturzeitung, 1906, 596 f., for an early papyrus fragment in the Berlin Museum, containing Ad Smyrn. iii. fin. xii. init.). In the Medicean MS. the Epistle to the Romans is missing, but a Greek version of this epistle was discovered by Ruinart, embedded in a martyrium, in the National Library at Paris and published in 1689. There are also (1) a Latin version made by Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln, about 1250, and published by Ussher in 1644—two years before the Vossian edition appeared; (2) an Armenian version which was derived from a Syriac not earlier than the 5th century and published at Constantinople in 1783; (3) some fragments of a Syriac version published in Cureton’s edition of Ignatius; (4) fragments of a Coptic version first published in Lightfoot’s work (ii. 859-882). (b) The long recension contains the seven Epistles mentioned above in an expanded form and several additional letters besides. The Greek form of the recension, which has been preserved in ten MSS., has thirteen letters, the additional ones being to the Tarsians, the Philippians, the Antiochians, to Hero, to Mary of Cassobola and a letter of Mary to Ignatius. The Latin form, of which there are thirteen extant MSS., omits the letter of Mary of Cassobola, but adds to the list the Laus Heronis, two Epistles to the apostle John, one to the Virgin Mary and one from Mary to Ignatius. (c) The Syriac or Curetonian recension contains only three Epistles, viz. to Polycarp, to the Romans, and to the Ephesians, and these when compared with the same letters in the short and long recensions are found to be considerably abbreviated. The Syriac recension was made by William Cureton in 1845 from three Syriac MSS. which had recently been brought from the
