fortitude the reproaches of his countrymen, and Davis loyally supported his old friend. Johnston then marched to join Beauregard at Corinth, Miss., and with the united forces took the offensive against Grant’s army at Pittsburg Landing. The battle of Shiloh (q.v.) took place on the 6th and 7th of April, 1862. The Federals were completely surprised, and Johnston was in the full tide of success when he fell mortally wounded. He died a few minutes afterwards. President Davis said, in his message to the Confederate Congress, “Without doing injustice to the living, it may safely be said that our loss is irreparable,” and the subsequent history of the war in the west went far to prove the truth of his eulogy.
His son, William Preston Johnston (1831–1899), who served on the staff of General Johnston and subsequently on that of President Davis, was a distinguished professor and president of Tulane University. His chief work is the Life of General Albert Sidney Johnston (1878), a most valuable and exhaustive biography.
JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER (1849–1889), American historian,
was born in Brooklyn, New York, on the 29th of April 1849. He
studied at the Polytechnic institute of Brooklyn, graduated at
Rutgers College in 1870, and was admitted to the bar in 1875 in
New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he taught in the Rutgers
College grammar school from 1876 to 1879. He was principal
of the Latin school of Norwalk, Connecticut, in 1879–1883, and
was professor of jurisprudence and political economy in the
College of New Jersey (Princeton University) from 1884 until
his death in Princeton, N.J., on the 21st of July 1889. He
wrote A History of American Politics (1881); The Genesis of
a New England State—Connecticut (1883), in “Johns Hopkins
University Studies”; A History of the United States for Schools
(1886); Connecticut (1887) in the “American Commonwealths
Series”; the article on the history of the United States for the
9th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, reprinted as The
United States: Its History and Constitution (1887); a chapter
on the history of American political parties in the seventh
volume of Winsor’s Narrative and Critical History of America,
and many articles on the history of American politics in Lalor’s
Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and Political
History of the United States (1881–1884). These last articles,
which like his other writings represent much original research
and are excellent examples of Johnston’s rare talent for terse
narrative and keen analysis and interpretation of facts, were
republished in two volumes entitled American Political History
1763–1876 (1905–1906), edited by Professor J. A. Woodburn.
JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER KEITH (1804–1871), Scottish
geographer, was born at Kirkhill near Edinburgh on the 28th
of December 1804. After an education at the high school and the
university of Edinburgh he was apprenticed to an engraver;
and in 1826 joined his brother (afterwards Sir William Johnston,
lord provost of Edinburgh) in a printing and engraving business,
the well-known cartographical firm of W. and A. K. Johnston.
His interest in geography had early developed, and his first
important work was the National Atlas of general geography,
which gained for him in 1843 the appointment of Geographer-Royal
for Scotland. Johnston was the first to bring the study
of physical geography into competent notice in England. His
attention had been called to the subject by Humboldt; and after
years of labour he published his magnificent Physical Atlas in
1848, followed by a second and enlarged edition in 1856. This,
by means of maps with descriptive letterpress, illustrates the
geology, hydrography, meteorology, botany, zoology, and
ethnology of the globe. The rest of Johnston’s life was devoted
to geography, his later years to its educational aspects especially.
His services were recognized by the leading scientific societies of
Europe and America. He died at Ben Rhydding, Yorkshire,
on the 9th of July 1871. Johnston published a Dictionary of
Geography in 1850, with many later editions; The Royal Atlas of
Modern Geography, begun in 1855; an atlas of military geography
to accompany Alison’s History of Europe in 1848 seq.; and a
variety of other atlases and maps for educational or scientific
purposes. His son of the same name (1844–1879) was also the
author of various geographical works and papers; in 1873–1875
he was geographer to a commission for the survey of Paraguay;
and he died in Africa while leading the Royal Geographical
Society’s expedition to Lake Nyasa.
JOHNSTON, ARTHUR (1587–1641), Scottish physician and
writer of Latin verse, was the son of an Aberdeenshire laird
Johnston of Johnston and Caskieben, and on his mother’s side
a grandson of the seventh Lord Forbes. It is probable that he
began his university studies at one, or both, of the colleges at
Aberdeen, but in 1608 he proceeded to Italy and graduated
M.D. at Padua in 1610. Thereafter he resided at Sedan, in
the company of the exiled Andrew Melville (q.v.), and in 1619
was in practice in Paris. He appears to have returned to
England about the time of James I.’s death and to have been
in Aberdeen about 1628. He met Laud in Edinburgh at the
time of Charles I.’s Scottish coronation (1633) and was encouraged
by him in his literary efforts, partly, it is said, for the
undoing of Buchanan’s reputation as a Latin poet. He was
appointed rector of King’s College, Aberdeen, in June 1637.
Four years later he died at Oxford, on his way to London,
whither Laud had invited him.
Johnston left more than ten works, all in Latin. On two of these, published in the same year, his reputation entirely rests: (a) his version of the Psalms (Psalmorum Davidis paraphrasis poetica et canticorum evangelicorum, Aberdeen, 1637), and (b) his anthology of contemporary Latin verse by Scottish poets (Deliciae poetarum scotorum hujus aevi illustrium, Amsterdam, 1637). He had published in 1633 a volume entitled Cantici Salomonis paraphrasis poetica, which, dedicated to Charles I., had brought him to the notice of Laud. The full version of the Psalms was the result of Laud’s encouragement. The book was for some time a strong rival of Buchanan’s work, though its good Latinity was not superior to that of the latter. The Deliciae, in two small thick volumes of 699 and 575 pages, was a patriotic effort in imitation of the various volumes (under a similar title) which had been popular on the Continent during the second decade of the century. The volumes are dedicated by Johnston to John Scot of Scotstarvet, at whose expense the collected works were published after Johnston’s death, at Middelburg (1642). Selections from his own poems occupy pages 439–647 of the first volume, divided into three sections, Parerga, Epigrammata and Musae Aulicae. He published a volume of epigrams at Aberdeen in 1632. In these pieces he shows himself at his best. His sacred poems, which had appeared in the Opera (1642), were reprinted by Lauder in his Poetarum Scotorum musae sacrae (1739). The earliest lives are by Lauder (u.s.) and Benson (in Psalmi Davidici, 1741). Ruddiman’s Vindication of Mr George Buchanan’s Paraphrase (1745) began a pamphlet controversy regarding the merits of the rival poets.
JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON (1858– ), British administrator and explorer, was born on the 12th of June 1858 at Kennington, London, and educated at Stockwell grammar school and King’s College, London. He was a student for four years in the painting schools of the Royal Academy. At the age of eighteen he began a series of travels in Europe and North Africa, chiefly as a student of painting, architecture and languages. In 1879–1880 he visited the then little known interior of Tunisia. He had also a strong bent towards zoology and comparative anatomy, and carried on work of this description at the Royal College of Surgeons, of whose Hunterian Collection he afterwards became one of the trustees. In 1882 he joined the earl of Mayo in an expedition to the southern part of Angola, a district then much traversed by Transvaal Boers. In 1883 Johnston visited H. M. Stanley on the Congo, and was enabled by that explorer to visit the river above Stanley Pool at a time when it was scarcely known to other Europeans than Stanley and De Brazza. These journeys attracted the attention of the Royal Geographical Society and the British Association, and the last-named in concert with the Royal Society conferred on Johnston the leadership of the scientific expedition to Mount Kilimanjaro which started from Zanzibar in April 1884. Johnston’s work in this region was also under the direction of Sir John Kirk, British consul at Zanzibar. While in the Kilimanjaro district Johnston concluded treaties with the chiefs of Moshi and Taveta (Taveita). These treaties or concessions were transferred to the merchants who founded the British East Africa Company, and in the final agreement with Germany Taveta fell to Great Britain. In October 1885 Johnston was appointed British vice-consul in
