and tobacco. The population is about 23,000, of whom 14,900 are pagans, and 8300 Mahommedans.
The inhabitants are of three types. There is the true Kei Islander, a Polynesian by his height and black or brown wavy hair, with a complexion between the Papuan black and the Malay yellow. There is the pure Papuan, who has been largely merged in the Kei type. Thirdly, there are the immigrant Malays. These (distinguished by the use of a special language and by the profession of Mohammedanism) are descendants of natives of the Banda islands who fled eastward before the encroachments of the Dutch. The pagans have rude statues of deities and places of sacrifice indicated by flat-topped cairns. The Kei Islanders are skilful in carving and celebrated boat-builders.
See C. M. Kan, “Onze geographische kennis der Keij-Eilanden,” in Tijdschrift Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (1887); Martin, “Die Kei-inseln u. ihr Verhältniss zur Australisch-Asiatischen Grenzlinie,” ibid. part vii. (1890); W. R. van Hoëvell, “De Kei-Eilanden,” in Tijdschr. Batavian. Gen. (1889); “Verslagen van de wetenschappelijke opnemingen en onderzoekingen op de Keij-Eilanden” (1889–1890), by Planten and Wertheim (1893), with map and ethnographical atlas of the south-western and south-eastern islands by Pleyte; Langen, Die Key- oder Kii-Inseln (Vienna, 1902).
KEIM, KARL THEODOR (1825–1878), German Protestant
theologian, was born at Stuttgart on the 17th of December 1825.
His father, Johann Christian Keim, was headmaster of a gymnasium.
Here Karl Theodor received his early education, and
then proceeded to the Stuttgart Obergymnasium. In 1843 he
went to the university of Tübingen, where he studied philosophy
under J. F. Reiff, a follower of Hegel, and Oriental languages
under Heinrich Ewald and Heinrich Meier. F. C. Baur, the
leader of the new Tübingen school, was lecturing on the New
Testament and on the history of the church and of dogma, and
by him in particular Keim was greatly impressed. The special
bent of Keim’s mind is seen in his prize essay, Verhältniss der
Christen in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten bis Konstantin zum
römischen Reiche (1847). His first published work was Die
Reformation der Reichstadt Ulm (1851). In 1850 he visited the
university of Bonn, where he attended some of the lectures of
Friedrich Bleek, Richard Rothe, C. M. Arndt and Isaak Dorner.
He taught at Tübingen from June 1851 until 1856, when, having
become a pastor, he was made deacon at Esslingen, Württemberg.
In 1859 he was appointed archdeacon; but a few months later
he was called to the university of Zürich as professor of theology
(1859–1873), where he produced his important works. Before
this he had written on church history (e.g. Schwäbische Reformationsgeschichte
bis zum Augsburger Reichstag, 1855). His
inaugural address at Zürich on the human development of Jesus,
Die menschliche Entwicklung Jesu Christi (1861), and his Die
geschichtliche Würde Jesu (1864) were preparatory to his chief
work, Die Geschichte Jesu von Nazara in ihrer Verkettung mit dem
Gesamtleben seines Volkes (3 vols., 1867–1872; Eng. trans., Jesus
of Nazareth, and the National Life of Israel, 6 vols.), 1873–1882.
In 1873 Keim was appointed professor of theology at Giessen.
This post he resigned, through ill-health, shortly before his
death on the 17th of November 1878. He belonged to the
“mediation” school of theology.
Chief works, besides the above: Reformationsblätter der Reichsstadt Esslingen (1860); Ambrosius Blarer, der Schwäbische Reformator (1860); Der Übertritt Konstantins d. Gr. zum Christenthum (1862); his sermons, Freundesworte zur Gemeinde (2 vols., 1861–1862); and Celsus’ wahres Wort (1873). In 1881 H. Ziegler published one of Keim’s earliest works, Rom und das Christenthum, with a biographical sketch. See also Ziegler’s article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie.
KEITH, the name of an old Scottish family which derived
its name from the barony of Keith in East Lothian, said to have
been granted by Malcolm II., king of Scotland, to a member
of the house for services against the Danes. The office of
great marishal of Scotland, afterwards hereditary in the Keith
family, may have been conferred at the same time; for it was
confirmed, together with possession of the lands of Keith, to
Sir Robert Keith by a charter of King Robert Bruce, and
appears to have been held as annexed to the land by the tenure
of grand serjeanty. Sir Robert Keith commanded the Scottish
horse at Bannockburn, and was killed at the battle of Neville’s
Cross in 1346. At the close of the 14th century Sir William
Keith, by exchange of lands with Lord Lindsay, obtained the
crag of Dunnottar in Kincardineshire, where he built the castle
of Dunnottar, which became the stronghold of his descendants.
He died about 1407. In 1430 a later Sir William Keith was
created Lord Keith, and a few years afterwards earl marishal,
and these titles remained in the family till 1716. William,
fourth earl marishal (d. 1581), was one of the guardians of Mary
queen of Scots during her minority, and was a member of her
privy council on her return to Scotland. While refraining
from extreme partisanship, he was an adherent of the Reformation;
he retired into private life at Dunnottar Castle about
1567, thereby gaining the sobriquet “William of the Tower.”
He was reputed to be the wealthiest man in Scotland. His
eldest daughter Anne married the regent Murray. His grandson
George, 5th earl marishal (c. 1553–1623), was one of the most
cultured men of his time. He was educated at King’s College,
Aberdeen, where he became a proficient classical scholar, afterwards
studying divinity under Theodore Beza at Geneva. He
was a firm Protestant, and took an active part in the affairs of
the kirk. His high character and abilities procured him the
appointment of special ambassador to Denmark to arrange the
marriage of James VI. with the Princess Anne. He was subsequently
employed on a number of important commissions;
but he preferred literature to public affairs, and about 1620 he
retired to Dunnottar, where he died in 1623. He is chiefly
remembered as the founder in 1593 of the Marischal College in
the university of Aberdeen, which he richly endowed. From an
uncle he inherited the title of Lord Altrie about 1590. William,
7th earl marishal (c. 1617–1661), took a prominent part in the
Civil War, being at first a leader of the covenanting party in
north-east Scotland, and the most powerful opponent of the
marquess of Huntly. He co-operated with Montrose in Aberdeenshire
and neighbouring counties against the Gordons. With
Montrose he signed the Bond of Cumbernauld in August 1640,
but took no active steps against the popular party till 1648,
when he joined the duke of Hamilton in his invasion of England,
escaping from the rout at Preston. In 1650 Charles II. was
entertained by the marishal at Dunnottar; and in 1651 the
Scottish regalia were left for safe keeping in his castle. Taken
prisoner in the same year, he was committed to the Tower and
was excluded from Cromwell’s Act of Grace. He was made a
privy councillor at the Restoration and died in 1661. Sir John
Keith (d. 1714), brother of the 7th earl marishal, was, at the
Restoration, given the hereditary office of knight marishal of
Scotland, and in 1677 was created earl of Kintore, and Lord
Keith of Inverurie and Keith-Hall, a reward for his share in
preserving the regalia of Scotland, which were secretly conveyed
from Dunnottar to another hiding-place, when the castle was
besieged by Cromwell’s troops, and which Sir John, perilously
to himself, swore he had carried abroad and delivered to
Charles II., thus preventing further search. From him are
descended the earls of Kintore.
George, 10th earl marishal (c. 1693–1778), served under Marlborough, and like his brother Francis, Marshal Keith (q.v.), was a zealous Jacobite, taking part in the rising of 1715, after which he escaped to the continent. In the following year he was attainted, his estates and titles being forfeited to the Crown. He lived for many years in Spain, where he concerned himself with Jacobite intrigues, but he took no part in the rebellion of 1745, proceeding about that year to Prussia, where he became, like his brother, intimate with Frederick the Great. Frederick employed him in several diplomatic posts, and he is said to have conveyed valuable information to the earl of Chatham, as a reward for which he received a pardon from George II., and returned to Scotland in 1759. His heir male, on whom, but for the attainder of 1716, his titles would have devolved, was apparently his cousin Alexander Keith of Ravelston, to whom the attainted earl had sold the castle and lands of Dunnottar in 1766. From Alexander Keith was descended, through the female line, Sir Patrick Keith Murray of Ochtertyre, who sold the estates of Dunnottar and Ravelston. After the attainder
