inventors, and even at the present day processes are being patented,
having for their object the boiling out of fruits with water or salt
solutions, so as to facilitate the separation of the oil from the pulp by
gravitation. Naturally these processes can only be applied to those
seeds which contain large quantities of fatty matter, such as coconuts
and olives. The rendering process is, however, applied on a very large scale to the production of animal oils and fats. Formerly
the' animal oils and fats were obtained by heating the tissues containing
the oils or fats over a free fire, when the cell membranes
burst and the liquid fat flowed out. The cave-dweller who first
collected the fat dripping off the deer on the roasting spit may well
be looked upon as the first manufacturer of tallow. This crude
process is now classed amongst the noxious trades, owing to the
offensive stench given off, and must be considered as almost extinct
in this country. Even on whaling vessels, where up to recently
whale oil, seal oil and sperm oil (see Waxes, below) were obtained
exclusively by " trying, " i.e. by melting the blubber over a free fire,
the process of rendering is fast becoming obsolete, the modern practice
being to deliver the blubber in as fresh a state as possible to the
" whaling establishments, " where the oil is rendered by methods
closely resembling those worked in the enormous rendering establishments
(for tallow, lard, bone fat) in the United States and in South
America. The method consists essentially in cutting up the fatty
matter into small fragments, which are transferred into vessels
containing water, wherein the com minuted mass is heated by
steam, either under ordinary pressure in open vessels or under
higher pressure in digestors. The fat gradually exudes and collects
on the top of the water, whilst the membranous matter, " greaves, "
falls to the bottom. The fat is then drawn off the aqueous (gluey)
layer, and strained through sieves or filters. The greaves are placed
Vegetable Oils
 | A table should appear at this position in the text. See Help:Table for formatting instructions. |
Name of Oil.
Source.
Yield per cent.
Iodine Value.
Principal Use.
Drying Oils.
Linseed
Linum usitatissimnm
38-40
175-205
Paint, varnish, linoleum, soap
Tung (Chinese or Japanese wood)
Aleurites cordala ....
40-41
150-165
Paint and varnish .i„, , m /.
Candle nut
Aleuriles moluccana
62-64
163
Burning oil, soap, paint '"
Hemp seed
Cannabis saliva ....
30-35
148
Paints and varnishes, soft soap
Walnut; Nut .
Juglans regia
63-<>5
145
Oil painting
Safflower ....
Carthamus tinctorius
30-32
130-147
Burning, varnish ( roghan )
Poppy seed
Papaver somniferum
41-50
123-143
Salad oil, painting, soft soap
Sunflower ....
Helianthus annuus ....
21-22
119-135
Edible oil, soap
Madia ....
Madia saliva
32-33
II8-5
Soap, burning
Semi-drying Oils.
Cameline (German Sesame) .
Camelina saliva ....
31-34
135
Burning, soap
Soja bean . .;, .-.
Soja hispida ....
122
Edible, burning
Maize; Corn '". '"
Zea Mays
6-10
113-125
Edible, soap
Beech nut
Fagus sylvatica ....
43-45
111-120
Food, burning
Kapok
Bomhax pentandrtim {Eriodendron
anfractuosiim) ....
30-32
116
Food, soap
Cotton-seed
Gossypium herbaceum
24-26
108-110
Food, soap
Sesame
Sesamnm orient ale, S. indicum
50-57
103-108
Food, soap
Curcas, purging nut
Jatropha curcas ....
55-5-
98-110
Medicine, soap
Brazil nut
Bertholletia excelsa ....
90-106
Edible, soap
Croton
Crolon Tigliiim ....
53-56
102-104
Medicine
Ravison
Wild Brassica campestris
33-40
I 05-1 17
Lubricant, burning
Rape (Colza) .
•
Brassica campestris
33-43
94-102
Lubricant, burning
Jamba
Brassica campestris var.?
24
95
Burning, lubricant
Non-drying Oils.
pricot kernel
Primus armeniaca ....
40-45
96-108
Perfumery, medicine
Peach kernel .
Prunus persica
32-35
93-109
Perfumery, medicine
Almond
Prunus amygdalus
45-55
93-100
Perfumery, medicine
•rachis (ground m'.t)
Arachis hypogaea
43-45
83-100
Edible, soap
Hazel nut
Corylus avellana
50-60
83^0
Edible, perfumery, lubricating
Olive
Oka europaea .
40-60
79-88
Edible, lubricating, burning, soap
Olive kernel
Olea europaea .
12-15
87
Edible, lubricating, burning, soap
Ben .
Moringa oleifera
35-36
82
Edible, perfumery, lubricating
Grape seed
Vitis vinifera .
10-20
96
Food, burning
Castor
Ricinus communis
46-53
83-86
Medicine, soap, lubricating, Turkey red oil
xiMAL Oils
Name of Oil.
Source.
Yield per cent.
Iodine Value.
Principal LTse.
Fish oils Marine Animal Oi
Is.
Menhaden
Alosa menhaden ....
140-173
Currying leather
Sardine oil
Clupea sardinus ....
161-193
Currj'ing leather
Salmon ......
Sal mo salar
161
Curn, 'ing leather
Herring
Clupea harengus ....
124-142
Currying leather
Liver oils
Cod liver
Gadtis morrhua ....
167
Medicine, currj'ing leather
Shark liver (Arctic)
Scymnus borealis ....
115
Currying leather
Blubber oils
Seal
Plioca vilulina
127-147
Burning, currying leather
Whale
Balaefia mysticetus, &c. .
121-136
Burning, soap-making, fibre dressing, currying leather
Dolphin, black fish, body oil . Jaw oil
Delphinus globiceps . .
99-126 33
(Lubricating oil for delicate
Porpoise Body oil . . . Porpoise Jaw oil . . . .
■ Delphinus phocaena . .
119 36
I machinery
Terrestrial Animal
Oils.
Sheep's foot
Ovis aries
74
Lubricating
Horses' foot
Equus caballus ....
74-90
Lubricating
Neat's foot
Bos taurus
67-73
Lubricating, leather dressing
Egg
Callus domestic us ....
68-82
Leather dressing
