| Date of Election or Consecration. |
Date of Death. | ||
| 1059 24 i, cs. | Nicolaus II. | † 27 vii, | 1061 |
| 1061 1 x, el. | Alexander II. | † 21 iv, | 1073 |
| 1073 22 iv, el. | S. Gregorius VII. | † 25 v, | 1085 |
| 1086 24 v, el. | Victor III. | † 16 ix, | 1087 |
| 1088 12 iii, el. | Urbanus II. | † 29 vii, | 1099 |
| 1099 13 viii, el. | Paschalis II. | † 21 i, | 1118 |
| 1118 24 i, el. | Gelasius II. | † 29 i, | 1119 |
| 1119 2 ii, el. | Calixtus II. | † 13–14 xii, | 1124 |
| 1124 15–16 xii, el. | Honorius II. | † 14 ii, | 1130 |
| 1130 14 ii, el. | Innocentius II. | † 24 ix, | 1143 |
| 1143 26 ix, el. | Coelestinus II. | † 8 iii, | 1144 |
| 1144 12 iii, el. | Lucius II. | † 15 ii, | 1145 |
| 1145 15 ii, el. | Eugenius III. | † 8 vii, | 1153 |
| 1153 12 vii, cs. | Anastasius IV. | † 3 xii, | 1154 |
| 1154 4 xii, el. | Hadrianus IV. | † 1 ix, | 1159 |
| 1159 7 ix, el. | Alexander III. | † 30 viii, | 1181 |
| 1181 1 ix | Lucius III. | † 25 xi, | 1185 |
| 1185 25 Xi | Urbanus III. | † 20 x, | 1187 |
| 1187 21 x, el. | Gregorius VIII. | † 17 xii, | 1187 |
| 1187 19 xii, el. | Clemens III. | † iii, | 1191 |
| 1191 30 iii, el. | Coelestinus III. | † 8 i, | 1198 |
| 1198 8 i | Innocentius III. | † 16 vii, | 1216 |
| 1216 18 vii | Honorius III. | † 18 iii, | 1227 |
| 1227 19 iii | Gregorius IX. | † 21 viii, | 1241 |
| 1241 x | Coelestinus IV. | † 17–18 xi, | 1241 |
| 1243 25 vi | Innocentius IV. | † 13 xii, | 1254 |
| 1254 25 xii | Alexander IV. | † 25 v, | 1261 |
| 1261 29 viii | Urbanus IV. | † 2 x, | 1264 |
| 1265 5 ii | Clemens IV. | † 29 xi, | 1268 |
| 1271 1 ix | Gregorius X. | † 11 i, | 1276 |
| 1276 23 ii cs. | Innocentius V. | † 22 vi, | 1276 |
| 1276 12 vii, el. | Hadrianus V. | † 17 viii, | 1276 |
| 1276 13 ix | Joannes XXI. | † 16 v, | 1277 |
| 1277 25 xi | Nicolaus III. | † 22 viii, | 1280 |
| 1281 22 ii | Martinus IV. | † 28 iii, | 1285 |
| 1285 2 iV | Honorius IV. | † 3 iv, | 1287 |
| 1288 15 ii | Nicolaus IV. | † 4 iv, | 1292 |
| 1294 5 vii | S. Coelestinus V. († 19 v, 1296) res. | 13 xii, | 1294 |
| 1294 24 xii | Bonifacius VIII. | † 11 x, | 1303 |
| 1303 22 x | Benedictus XI. | † 7 vii, | 1304 |
| 1305 5 vi | Clemens V. | † 20 iv, | 1314 |
| 1316 7 viii | Joannes XXII. | † 4 xii, | 1334 |
| 1334 20 xii | Benedictus XII. | † 25 iv, | 1342 |
| 1342 7 v, el. | Clemens VI. | † 6 xii , | 1352 |
| 1352 18 xii | Innocentius VI. | † 12 ix, | 1362 |
| 1362 28 x | Urbanus V. | † 19 xii, | 1370 |
| 1370 30 xii | Gregorius XI. | † 27 iii, | 1378 |
| 1378 8 iv | Urbanus VI. | † 15 x, | 1389 |
| [1378 20 ix | Clemens VII. antipapa Aven. | † 16 ix, | 1394 |
| 1394 28 ix | Benedict XIII. (amot 26 vii) 1417 | † 23 v, | 1423] |
| 1389 2 xi | Bonifacius IX. | † 1 x, | 1404 |
| 1447 17 x | Innocentius VII. | † 6 xi, | 1406 |
| 1406 2 xii | Gregorius XII. († 1419) resignat. | 4 vii, | 1415 |
| 1409 26 vi | Alexander V. | † 3 v, | 1410 |
| 1410 17 v | Joannes XXIII. († 22 xi,1419) amot. | 24 v, | 1415 |
| 1417 11 xi | Martinus V. | † 20 ii, | 1431 |
| 1431 3 iii | Eugenius IV. | † 23 ii, | 1447 |
| 1447 6 iii | Nicolaus V. | † 24 iii, | 1455 |
| 1455 8 iv | Calixtus III. | † 6 viii, | 1458 |
| 1458 19 viii | Pius II. | † 15 viii, | 1464 |
| 1464 31 viii | Paulus II. | † 28 vii, | 1471 |
| 1471 9 viii | Sixtus IV. | † 12 viii, | 1484 |
| 1484 24 viii | Innocentius VIII. | † 25 vii, | 1492 |
| 1492 11 viii | Alexander VI. | † 18 viii, | 1503 |
| 1503 22 ix | Pius III. | † 18 x, | 1503 |
| 1503 1 xi | Julius II. | † 21 ii, | 1513 |
| 1513 15 iii | Leo X. | † 1 xii, | 1521 |
| 1522 9 i | Hadrianus VI. | † 14 ix, | 1523 |
| 1523 19 xi | Clemens VII. | † 25 ix, | 1534 |
| 1534 1 3 x | Paulus III. | † 10 xi, | 1549 |
| 1550 8 ii | Julius III. | † 23 iii, | 1555 |
| 1555 9 iv | Marcellus II. | † 30 iv, | 1555 |
| 1555 2 3 v | Paulus IV. | † 18 viii, | 1559 |
| 1559 25 xii | Pius IV. | † 9 xii, | 1565 |
| 1566 17 i, cs. | S. Pius V. | † 1 v, | 1572 |
| 1572 26 v | Gregorius XIII. | † 10 iv, | 1585 |
| 1585 1 v, cs. | Sixtus V. | † 27 viii, | 1590 |
| 1590 15 ix, el. | Urbanus VII. | † 27 ix, | 1590 |
| 1590 5 xii | Gregorius XIV. | † 15 x, | 1591 |
| 1591 29 x, el. | Innocentius IX. | † 30 xii, | 1591 |
| 1592 30 i, el. | Clemens VIII. | † 5 iii, | 1605 |
| 1605 1 iv, el. | Leo XI. | † 27 iv, | 1605 |
| 1605 16 v, el. | Paulus V. | † 28 i, | 1621 |
| 1621 9 ii | Gregorius XV. | † 8 vii, | 1623 |
| 1623 6 viii, el. | Urbanus VIII. | † 29 vii, | 1644 |
| 1644 15 ix | Innocentius X. | † 7 i, | 1655 |
| 1655 7 iv | Alexander VII. | † 22 v, | 1667 |
| 1667 20 vi | Clemens IX. | † 9 xii, | 1669 |
| 1670 29 iv | Clemens X. | † 22 vii, | 1676 |
| 1676 21 ix | Innocentius XI. | † 12 vii, | 1689 |
| 1689 6 x | Alexander VIII. | † 1 ii, | 1691 |
| 1691 12 vii | Innocentius XII. | † 27 ix, | 1700 |
| 1700 23 xi, el | Clemens XI. | † 19 iii, | 1721 |
| 1721 8 v | Innocentius XIII. | † 7 iii, | 1724 |
| 1724 29 v | Benedictus XIII. | † 21 ii, | 1730 |
| 1730 12 vii | Clemens XII. | † 6 ii, | 1740 |
| 1740 17 viii | Benedictus XIV. | † 3 v, | 1758 |
| 1758 6 vii | Clemens XIII. | † 2 ii, | 1769 |
| 1769 19 v | Clemens XIV. | † 22 ix, | 1774 |
| 1775 15 ii | Pius VI. | † 29 viii, | 1799 |
| 1800 14 iii | Pius VII. | † 20 viii, | 1823 |
| 1823 28 ix | Leo XII. | † 10 ii, | 1829 |
| 1829 31 iii | Pius VIII. | † 30 xi, | 1830 |
| 1831 2 ii | Gregorius XVI. | † 1 vi, | 1846 |
| 1846 16 vi, el. | Pius IX. | † 3 vi, | 1877 |
| 1877 vi, el. | Leo XIII. | † 20 vii, | 1903 |
| 1903 4 viii, el. | Leo Pius X. | ||
Bibliography.—The works mentioned below are for the most part those not included in the separate bibliographies to the articles on the individual popes (qq.v.).
General.—Of encyclopedias may be mentioned the New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge (New York, 1908 sqq.); the Catholic Encyclopaedia (New York, 1907 sqq.); Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (3rd ed., Leipzig, 1896 sqq.); Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon (2nd ed., Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1882–1901); G. Maroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica (Venice, 1840 sqq.), all of which contain articles on individual popes and subjects connected with the papacy, with bibliographies. For chronological detail, see Z. V. Lobkowitz, Statistik der Päpste (Freiburg i. B., 1905). Carefully indexed source materials in the original languages are given by C. Mirbt, Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums und des römischen Katholizismus (2nd enlarged ed., Tübingen, 1901); many fragments in translation under “Papacy” in History for Ready Reference, ed. by J. N. Earned (vols, iv., vi., vii. Springfield, 1895–1910). Helpful Church histories are F. X. Funk, Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (5th ed., Paderborn, 1907); A. Knopfler, Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (4th ed., Freiburg i. B., 1906), both Roman Catholic; also the Lutheran work of J. H. Kurtz, Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte, ed N. Bonwetsch and P. Tschackert (14th ed., Leipzig, 1906). (W. W. R.*)
Period I. To 1087.—A bibliography of the history of the papacy during the first eleven centuries would embrace all the vast number of works on the history of the Church during this period. Of these a selected list will be found in the bibliography to the article Church History. Here it must suffice to mention certain modern works bearing more particularly on this period. Harnack, Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, 3rd ed. i. 400 et seq.; Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, vol. i. §§ 22–25, 74; Sohm, Kirchenrecht, vol. i. § 29 et seq.; Löning, Geschichte des deutschen Kirchenrechts (1878); Duchesne, Églises séparées (1905), Les Premiers temps de l’etat pontifical (1904). (L. D.*)
Period II. (a) From 1087 to 1124.—L. Paulot’s Un Pape français: Urbain II. (Paris, 1903), which is written with a Catholic bias, is the only biography of Urban II. that is at all full. Cf. M. F. Stern, Zur Biographie des Papstes Urbans II. (Berlin, 1883). On Paschal II., see E. Franz, Papst Paschalis II. (Breslau, 1877); W. Schum, Die Politik Papst Paschalis II. gegen Kaiser Heinrich V. im Jahre 1112 (Erfurt, 1877); and the excellent “Étude des relations entre le Saint-Siège et le royaume de France de 1099 à 1108,” published by Bernard Monod in the Positions des thèses des élèves de l’École des Chartes (1904). The Bullarium of Calixtus II. and the History (Paris, 1891) of his pontificate have been published by Ulysse Robert. Cf. M. Maurer, Papst Calixt II. (Munich, 1889). Besides these monographs, useful information on the history of the popes of this period will be found in the following: R. Rohricht, Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem (Innsbruck, 1898) and Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (Innsbruck, 1901); H. von Sybel, Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1881); H. Hagenmeyer, Peter der Eremit (Leipzig, 1879); F. Chalandon, Essai sur le règne d’Alexis I. Comnène (Paris, 1900); G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reiches unter Heinrich IV. und Heinrich V. (Leipzig, 1890 et seq.); Carl Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII. (Leipzig, 1894): Ernst Bernheim, Zur Geschichte des Wormser Konkordates (Göttingen, 1878); Martin Rule, The Life and Times of St Anselm (2 vols., London, 1883); and Klemm, Der Investiturstreit unter Heinrich I.
(b) From 1124 to 1198.—Monographs dealing expressly with the
