Page:EB1911 - Volume 25.djvu/590

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HISTORY]
SPAIN
 569


public aspirations for the reduction and control of the excessive number of orders and religious orders, without impairing their independence in spiritual matters," and in introducing a bill for the amendment of the law of 1887 Señor Canalejas declared that the government, “inspired by the universal spirit of liberty of conscience,” had given to article xi. of the constitution “the full sense of its text.”1

“Liberty of conscience,” a principle condemned by the Syllabus of 1864 and sneered at in the encyclical Pascendi gregis of 1905, was hardly a phrase calculated to conciliate the Spanish clergy, still less the Vatican. A cry went up that to allow dissident churches to announce their presence was to insult and persecute the Catholic Church;2 at Rome the decree was attacked as unconstitutional, and a breach of diplomatic propriety all the more reprehensible as negotiations for a revision of the concordat were actually pending. A violent clerical agitation, encouraged by the Vatican, was started, 72 Spanish archbishops and bishops presenting a joint protest to the government. Fuel was added to the fire by the introduction of a bill—known as the Cadenas bill—forbidding the settlement of further congregations in Spain until the negotiations with the Vatican should have been completed. This was denounced at Rome as a unilateral assertion on the part of the Spanish government of an authority which, under the concordat, belonged to the Holy See as well. As a preliminary to negotiation, the government was required to rescind all the obnoxious measures. This demand broke the patience of the prime minister, and on the 30th of July Serior de Ojeda, Spanish ambassador at the Vatican, was instructed to hand in his papers. In Vatican circles dark hints began to be dropped of a possible rapprochement with Don Jaime, who had succeeded his father Don Carlos, on the 18th of July 1909, as the representative of Spanish legitimacy and Catholic orthodoxy. The pretender, indeed, disclaimed any intention of stirring up civil war in Spain; his mission would be to restore order when the country should have wearied of the republican regime whose speedy advent he foresaw. The fulfilment of the first part of this prophecy seemed to some to be brought a step nearer by the overthrow of the monarchy in Portugal on the 5th of October 1910. For Spain its immediate effect was to threaten a great increase of the difficulties of the government, by the immigration of the whole mass of religious congregations expelled from Portugal by one of the first acts of the new regime.  (W. A. P.) 

Chronological Tables of Christian Dynasties in Spain.

Kings of the Visigoths, having relations with Spain, but not established within it:—

Ataulf 410–415 Entered the north-east of Spain, murdered at Barcelona.
Sigeric 415 His murderer, promptly murdered in turn.
Wallia 415–419 Elected king, was the ally (foederatus) of the empire. Defeated the Vandals and Alans. Migrated to south-west of France with all his people.
Theodoric I. 419–451 Made inroads into Spain, as ally of the empire. Killed in the battle with Attila.
Thorismund 451–453  All these kings had the seat of their government north of the Pyrenees. They made inroads in Spain and had a stronghold on the north-east. Alaric was killed by the Frankish king, Clovis, at Vouillé, 507.
Theodoric II.  453–466 
Euric 466–485
Alaric II. 485–507
Gesalic 507–511 Bastard son of Alaric, was murdered.
Amalaric 507–531 Reigned in south and south-east of France under protection of Theodoric, the Ostrogothic king in Italy. Fled before Franks to Barcelona at end of reign, and was murdered at Barcelona.

Kings of the Visigoths established in Spain:—

Theudis 531–548  An Ostrogoth, general of Theodoric. Murdered Amalaric, and was murdered in turn at Seville by Theudigesil.
Theudigisel 548–549 Murdered by Agila.
Agila 549–554 Murdered at Merida.
Athanagild 554–567 Rebelled against Agila, evacuated Andalusia to secure aid of Imperial officers. Established the capital at Toledo.
Liuva I. 567–572 Elected at Narbonne. Associated his brother Leovigild with himself.
Leovigild 567–586 The first Visigoth king who assumed the diadem and purple, struck coins in his own name, and enforced recognition of his supremacy in all parts of Spain, except the south coast.
Reccared 586–601 Son. Associated with his father. The first Visigoth king who was a Catholic.
Liuva II. 601–603 Son. Soon murdered.
Witteric 603–610 Leader of Arian reaction.
Gunthemar 610–612  Obscure kings.
Sisebut 612–620
Reccared II. 620–621
Swintella 621–631 Associated his family with him on the throne. They were all deposed by the nobles.
Reccimer 621–631
Sisinand 631–636 These kings were mainly supported by the clergy, and were engaged in endeavouring to make the crown hereditary, by associating their kinsmen with themselves.
Chintila 636–640
Tulga 640–641
Chindaswinth  641–652
Recceswinth 649–672
Wamba 672–680 Unrelated to his predecessor and elected by the nobles—was deposed and tonsured.
Erwic 680–687 The most obscure of the Visigoth kings. Egica and Witiza appear to have continued the struggle with the nobles, by whom Roderic was tumultuously elected, in opposition to Witiza’s son Actula.
Egica 687–701
Witiza 697–710
Roderic 710–711

Early kings of the Christian north-west of Spain, of uncertain chronology and relationship:—

Pelayo 718–737 Elected as “king of the Goths.”
Favila 737–739 Brother of Pelayo.
Alphonso I. 739–757 Son-in-law of Pelayo.
Froila . . 757–768 Son of Alphonso I. Murdered by his brother.
Aurelio . 768–774 Brother or cousin.
Silon 774–785 Brother-in-law of Aurelio.
Maurecat 785–789 Bastard son of Alphonso I.
Bermudo 789–792 Called the Deacon, descendant of Alphonso I., reigned for a very short time, and retired to a religious house.
Alphonso II. 792–842 Called the Chaste, son of Froila. Was perhaps chosen in opposition to Bermudo.
Ramiro I. 842–850 Son of Bermudo the Deacon.
Ordono I. 850–866 Son of Ramiro.
Alphonso III. 866–914 Son of Ordono.