venality of the Roman officials and the turbulence of the Gothic nobles were sternly repressed. Marshes were drained, harbours formed, the burden of the taxes lightened, and the state of agriculture so much improved that Italy, from a corn-importing, became a corn-exporting country. Moreover Theodoric, though adhering to the Arian creed of his forefathers, was during the greater part of his reign so conspicuously impartial in religious matters that a legend which afterwards became current represented him as actually putting to death a Catholic deacon who had turned Arian in order to win his favour. At the time of the contested papal election between Symmachus and Laurentius (496-502), Theodoric's mediation was welcomed by both contending parties. Unfortunately, at the very close of his reign (524), the Emperor Justin's persecution of the Arians led him into a policy of reprisals. He forced Pope John to undertake a mission to Constantinople to plead for toleration, and on his return threw him into prison, where he died. Above all, he sullied his fame by the execution of Boetius and Symmachus (see Boetius). It should be observed, however, that the motive for these acts of violence was probably political rathef than religious—jealousy of intrigues with the imperial court rather than zeal on behalf of the Arian confession. Theodoric's death, which is said to have been hastened by remorse for the execution of Symmachus, occurred on the 30th of August 526. He was buried in the mausoleum which is still one of the marvels of Ravenna (q.v.), and his grandson Athalaric, a boy of ten years, succeeded him, under the regency of his mother Amalasuntha.
Genealogy of Theodoric.
{{sc|Theudemir}} d. 474. ┬ Erelieva A first wife or a concubine. ┬ {{sc|Theodoric}}. ┬ Audeflada, sister of Clovis, king of the Franks. Ostrogotho (or Arevagni), married Alaric II., king of the West Goths.<br> │<br> Amalaric, king of the West Goths, d. 531. Theudegotho, married Sigismund, king of the Burgundians.<br> │<br> Segeric, murdered by his father's orders, 522. {{sc|Amalasuntha}} d. 534. ┬ Eutharic, a descendant of the Amals. {{sc|Athalaric}}, d. 534. Witigis ┬ {{sc|Matasuentha}} ┬ Germanus, nephew of Justinian. Germanus Postumus, put to death by Phocas, 605. Amalafrida, a full sister of Theodoric, married Thrasamund, king of the Vandals, and was mother, by an earlier marriage, of Theodahad (d. 536).
Authorities.—The authorities for the life of Theodoric are very imperfect. Jordanes, Procopius, and the curious fragment known as Anonymus Valesii (printed at the end of Ammianus Marcellinus) are the chief direct sources of narrative, but far the most important indirect source is the Variae (state-papers) of Cassiodorus, chief minister of Theodoric. Malchus furnishes some interesting particulars as to his early life, and it is possible to extract a little information from the turgid panegyric of Ennodius. Among German scholars F. Dahn (Könige der Germanen, ii., iii. and iv.), J. K. F. Manso (Geschichte des Ostgothischen Reichs in Italien, 1824), and Sartorius (Versuch uber die Regierung der Ostgothen, &c.) have done most to illustrate Theodoric's principles of government. The English reader may consult Gibbon's Decline and Fall, chap, xxxix., and Hodgkin's Italy and her Invaders, vol. iii. (1885), his introduction to Letters of Cassiodorus (1886) and Theodoric the Goth (London and New York, 1891). For the legends connected with the name of Theodoric see the article Dietrich of Bern.
(T. H.)
THEODORUS, FLAVIUS MALLIUS, Roman consul A.D. 399, author of an extant treatise on metres, one of the best of its kind (H. Keil, Grammatici Latini, vi.). He also studied philosophy, astronomy and geometry, and wrote works on those subjects, which, together with his consulship, formed the subject of a panegyric by Claudian.
THEODORUS STUDlTA (A.D. 750-826), Greek theological writer, abbot of the monastery of Studium, was born at Constantinople. In 794 he succeeded his uncle Plato, who had persuaded him to become a monk some ten years before, as head of the monastery of Saccudium in Bithynia. Soon afterwards he was banished to Thessalonica for having excommunicated Constantine VI., who had divorced his wife Maria in order to marry Theodotē. After the emperor's death in 797 he was recalled with every mark of favour, and removed with his monks to the monastery of Studium in Constantinople, where he carried on a vigorous campaign in favour of asceticism and monastic reform. In 809 he was again banished in consequence of his refusal to hold communion with the patriarch Nicephorus, who had pardoned the priest Joseph for his part in the marriage of Constantine and Theodotē. In 811 he was recalled by Michael Rhangabes, and again banished in 814 for his resistance to the edict of Leo the Armenian, which forbade the worship of images. Liberated in 821 by the Emperor Michael the Stammerer (Balbus), he soon got into trouble again. In 824 he violently attacked Michael for showing too great leniency towards the iconoclasts and even favoured an insurrection against him. When the attempt' failed, Theodoras found it prudent to leave Constantinople. He lived at various monasteries in Bithynia, on Chalcitis (one of the Princes' Islands) and on the peninsula of Tryphon, near the promontory of Acrita, where he died on the 11th of November 826. He was buried at Chalcitis, but his body was afterwards (26th of January 844) removed to Studium. He subsequently received the honours of canonization. Of his extant works the following are the most important: —Letters, which are of considerable value as giving an insight into the life and character of the writer, and throwing light upon the ecclesiastical disputes in which he was involved; Catecheses (divided into Magna and Parva), two collections of addresses to his monks on various subjects connected with the spiritual life; funeral orations on his mother and his uncle Plato; various polemical discourses connected with the question of image-worship. He was also the author of epigrams on various subjects, which show considerable originality, and of some church hymns. Like all the monks of Studium, Theodore was famous for his calligraphy and industry in copying MSS.
Bibliography.—General edition of his works in J. P. Migne, Patrologia Graeca, xcix., to be supplemented (for the Letters) by A. Mai's Patrum Nova Bibliotheca, viii. (1871) and (for the Catecheses) by ib., ix. (1888), which contains the Greek text of the Parva (also ed. separately by E. Auvray, 1891); hymns in J. B. Pitra, Analecta Sacra, i. (1876). See also Alice Gardner, Theodore of Studium: his Life and Times (1905), containing specimens of English translation and an account of his published works; C. Thomas, Theodor von Studion und sein Zeitalter (1892); G. A. Schneider, Theodor von Studion, in "Kirchengeschichtliche Studien," v. 3 (Münster, 1900); S. Schiwietz, De Sancto Theodoro Studita (Breslau, 1896); E. Marin, De Studio coenobio Constantinopolitano (1897); C. Schwarzlose, Der Bilderstreit (1890); A. Tougard, La Persecution iconoclaste d'aprie la correspondance de saint Theodore Studite (1891). Some of the hymns have been translated by J. M. Neale in his Hymns of the Eastern Church. For further bibliographical details see C. Krumbacher, Gesch. der byz. Litt. (2nd ed., 1897) and article by Von Dobschütz in Herzog-Hauck's Realencydopädie für protestantische Theologie, xix. (1907). On his relation to Theophanes Confessor (q.v.), see J. Pargoire, "Saint Theophane le Chronographe et ses rapports avec saint Theodore Studite" in Bugavtiva-Xpovika, ix. (St Petersburg, 1902).
THEODOSIA, formerly Kaffa, a seaport and watering-place of South Russia, on the east coast of the Crimea, 66 m. E.N.E. of Simferopol and 72 m. by a branch line from the Sebastopol-Ekaterinoslav railway. It has an excellent modern harbour, and its roadstead, which is never frozen, is well protected from east and west winds, and partly also from the south, but its depth is only 11 to 14 ft., reaching 35 ft. in the middle. The population was 10,800 in 1881, and 27,236 in 1897. Among the motley population of Russians, Tatars, Armenians, Germans and Greeks are several hundred Qaraite Jews. Few remains of its former importance exist, the chief being the Citadel built by the Genoese and still showing Latin inscriptions on some of its towers, the one or two detached towers left when the town walls were pulled down, and two or three mosques, formerly Genoese churches. The town also possesses a museum of antiquities and a picture gallery containing the works of the marine painter Ayvazovsky. Theodosia is an episcopal see of the Orthodox Greek Church. Gardening is one of the leading industries; fishing, a few manufactures, and agriculture are
