not only over the eighteen provinces, but throughout the New Dominion and Manchuria.
The growth of its progressive development and usefulness has been remarkable, in spite of the disturbed conditions and brigandage prevalent throughout most parts of the country since the revolution. During the three years 1916-8, after the death of Yuan Shih-k'ai, postal operations and extensions in many provinces were seriously hampered by the depredations of bandits and lawless soldiery. In Shensi alone, 78 post-offices were looted in 1918. Nevertheless, in that year the number of district offices and agencies had increased to 9,367 (as compared with 5,357 in 1910) employing 27,000 Chinese, with a foreign staff of about no. The growth of the service is shown by the following figures :
1908 1913 1918
Mail matter posted . . 79,882,252 197,484,136 302,269,028 Parcels 623,315 1,380,912 2,738,090
Money orders increased from ten million dollars in 1913 to thirty- five millions in 1918. The earnings of the department in 1918 were $9,500,000 and showed a profit of $1,910,000 over working expenses, as compared with a surplus of $303,000 in 1915. China joined the Postal Union in 1914. On March I 1917 an agreement was con- cluded with Great Britain for the direct exchange of postal parcels, and later in the same year a similar arrangement was rrade with the Russian postal administration for parcels crossing the Russo-Chinese frontier. In 1921 the Treaty Powers still maintained their own post- offices in many places for the despatch and receipt of mails from over- seas, and in certain instances the operations of these extra -territorial- ized establishments, especially in the matter of the parcels post, had worked to the detriment of China's postal service and inland rev- enues. The number of post-offices maintained by the Powers in 1921 was as follows: Great Britain, n; France, 15; Japan, 21 in China proper and 23 in Manchuria; Germany (before the war), 1 7 ; Russia (before the war) , 28 ; United States, I . (J. O. P. B.)
CHIROPRACTIC, the name given to a method of healing
employed in the United States, based on the theory that most
disease is the result of displacement of the vertebrae of the spinal
column, resulting in abnormal pressure upon the nerves as they
emerge. It is held that the articular joints are frequently thrown
out of alignment, it may be only in slight degree, and the con-
stricted nerves are thereby prevented from transmitting to the
various bodily organs the mental impulse necessary for proper
functioning. The human body has been charted, and it is claimed
that the nerves emanating above each vertebra regulate par-
ticular organs; hence the cause of different diseases can as a rule
be readily localized. Health is possible only when all the organs
function harmoniously, and disease of one organ may affect
some other. The chiropractor attempts to find the subluxated
joint, and with the bared hand to adjust it. He never resorts to
drugs or surgery; he merely tries to relieve the impinged nerve
and leaves the rest to nature.
The first reported healing by chiropractic was made in 1895, when Dr. D. D. Palmer (b. near Toronto, Canada, March 7 1845; d. at Los Angeles, Cal., Oct. 13 1913), a " magnetic healer," in Iowa treated a man who had been deaf for 17 years. He claimed to have discovered that a displaced vertebra was pinching a certain nerve and that its adjustment was quickly followed by complete restoration of hearing. Little was done to work out a theory in de- tail until 1903, when Dr. B. J. Palmer (b. Sept. 10 1881), a son of the discoverer, began its formulation, resulting in the development of a well-defined system of articular adjustment with the hands. He established the Palmer School of Chiropractic (" Chiroprac- tic Fountain Head ") at Davenport, la., which remained the best known, although later many others were founded in different parts of the United States. The course of study extends over three col- legiate years of six months each, and the subjects studied corre- spond with those of the usual medical school, materia medico, alone being ignored. In 1921 there were about 10,000 chiropractors to be found in some 30 of the United States. In several states they were still debarred from practice, and in others legislation was pending.
CHISHOLM, HUGH (1866- ), editor of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, was born in London Feb. 22 1866, of Scottish descent. His father, HENRY WILLIAMS CHISHOLM (see 25.772), was the son of Henry Chisholm (1769-1832) private secretary and librarian for many years to Lord Grenville (auditor of the Exchequer:
Prime Minister 1806-7), by whom he was given a clerkship in the Exchequer, 1 eventually becoming senior clerk in the Exchequer BUI Office and King's Agent for Sierra Leone and the
1 A set of the 5th ed. and supplement of the Encyclopaedia Bri- tannica, inherited by his son and grandson, was purchased by him out of the allowance made for " stationery " to clerks of the Ex- chequer in those days a form of perquisite in addition to salary.
Gold Coast whose paternal grandfather had left Inverness- shire and settled in London early in the i8th century. Henry Williams Chisholm (1809-1901) entered the Exchequer in 1824 with a nomination from Lord Grenville, rising to be head of its official staff in 1862 as chief clerk; and on the abolition of the Exchequer in 1866 as a Government department coordinate with the Treasury, he was appointed, under the Weights and Measures Act (1867), head of the newly created Standards Department of the Board of Trade, occupying the old Exchequer office at 7, Old Palace Yard, Westminster, with the official title of Warden of the Standards. At the Exchequer he had become a recognized authority on public finance; and his "Great Ac- count " (see 10.58), published in 1869 as a Parliamentary Return in 3 vols., dealing in detail with the history unrecorded till then of the public revenue and expenditure of Great Britain and Ireland since 1688, and of the origins of the whole British fiscal system, was the outcome of 10 years' laborious research. As Warden of the Standards he was the British delegate to the International Metric Commission at Paris from 1870 to 187 5, and took a leading part, as a member of its permanent scientific committee, in preparing and constructing the newly adopted international standards. At the desire of the Government, his retirement from office was postponed for this purpose till the end of 1876, when he had been 52 years in the public service. His "Recollections of an Octogenarian Civil Servant" were published in Temple Bar (Jan. to April 1891).
Educated at Felsted school, and at Oxford as a scholar of Corpus, Hugh Chisholm graduated in 1888 with a first class in Literae Humaniores, and then read for the bar, being " called " at the Middle Temple in 1892; but he had already then drifted into London journalism. From 1892 to 1897 he was assistant- editor, and from 1897 to the end of 1899 editor, of the St. James's Gazette (see 19.561); and during these years he also contributed numerous articles on political, financial and literary subjects to the weekly journals and monthly reviews, becoming well known as a literary critic and Conservative publicist. On resign- ing the editorship of the St. James's, he became a leader-writer for the Standard, and later in 1900 was invited to join The Times, under whose management he acted as the responsible co-editor, with Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace and President Hadley of Yale University, of the new volumes, constituting the loth ed. (1902), of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. In 1903 he was appointed editor-in-chief of the nth ed., which was com- pleted under his direction in 1910, and published as a whole by the Cambridge University Press, in 29 vols., in 1911. He sub- sequently planned and edited the Britannica Year-book (1913). Rejoining The Times in 1913 as day-editor, and a director of The Times Publishing Co., he became financial editor at the end of that year, and occupied this responsible position all through the momentous period of the World War, resigning his connexion with The Times in March 1920 in order to reassume the editor- ship of the Encyclopaedia Britannica and to organize the pub- lication of the New Volumes constituting the i2th edition.
CHOATE, JOSEPH HODGES (1832-1917), American lawyer
and diplomat (see 6.258), died in New York May 14 1917. Upon the outbreak of the World War he ardently supported the cause
of the Allies. He severely criticized President Wilson's hesita-
tion to recommend America's immediate cooperation, but shortly
before his death retracted his criticism. He was chairman of the
mayor's committee in New York for entertaining the British
and French commissions in 1917. His death was hastened by the
physical strain of his constant activities in this connexion.
Among his last works were Abraham Lincoln and Other
Addresses in England (1910) and American Addresses (1911).
See Edward Sandford Martin, The Life of Joseph Hodges Choate (1920).
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE (see 6.291). In 1910 the total number of Christian Science churches was 1,201 (1,077 in the United States, 58 in England, 38 in Canada, 28 elsewhere); on Jan. 1 1920 the number was 1,804 (1,59 in the United States, 98 in England, 46 in Canada, 70 elsewhere). As a Christian Science church invariably has two readers, the one to read the Bible,
