treatises are H. O. Hofman, Metallurgy of Copper (1914); J. R. Finlay, Cost of Mining (1920) ; Robert Marsh, Jr., Steam Shovel Mining (1920); Herbert A. McGraw, The Flotation Process (1918); E. D. Peters, Practice of Copper Smelting (1911); and D. M. Levy, Modern Copper Smelting (1912). (W. R. I.)
CORDONNIER, VICTOR LOUIS EMILIEN (1858- ), French general, was born at Surgy (Nievre) March 23 1858, and after
passing through the military college of St. Cyr entered the
infantry as sub-lieutenant in 1879. Eight years later he gradu-
ated from the Ecole de Guerre, and thereafter staff and regi-
mental service (including tours of duty in the Alps and in Algeria)
alternated till in 1905 he was appointed an instructor at the Ecole
de Guerre. He had already served as commander of the cadet
battalion and director of studies at St. Cyr, and from this time
till 1910 his work was wholly instructional. In this period he
wrote his work Les Japonais en Mandchourie (published 1911),
a study which soon took rank as the most important critical
work on the Russo-Japanese War and was translated into several
languages (English translation, The Japanese in Manchuria,
Part I. 1912, Part II. 1914). In 1910 on promotion to colonel he
took command of an infantry regiment and in 1913 he was
promoted general of brigade and appointed to command the new
87th Brigade, forming part of the reenforced couverture created
by the Three Years' Service Act.
In command of this brigade, Cordonnier played a distinguished part in the successful action of Mangiennes on Aug. 10 1914, and in the heavy fighting of the IV. Army in the Ardennes. Before the battle of the Marne he had been advanced to the command of the 3rd Division, and he led this formation in that battle and in the advance to Ste. Menehould and the Argonne which followed. On Sept. 15 he was severely wounded, and though he resumed his command in October, he had again to be invalided. In December, having meantime become general of division and an officer of the Legion of Honour, he commanded his division in the bitter trench-warfare fighting in the Argonne, and in Jan. 1915 he was in charge of a group of divisions in Alsace. From May 1915 he commanded the VIII. Corps in the St. Mihiel sector. In July 1916, having been meantime awarded the grade of commander in the Legion of Honour, he was appointed to command the French contingent of the Salonika armies grouped under Sarrail, which became the " Armee francaise d'Orient."
In general charge of the Allied left wing in Sarrail's autumn offensive he fought the actions of Ostrovo, Fiorina, Armenohor and Kenali, but owing to acute differences with Sarrail, which are discussed elsewhere, he returned to France just before the battle at Monastir which his movements and combats had prepared. He was already gravely ill, and immediately on land- ing in France was sent into hospital, where he underwent an operation for cancer. A command on the French front had been promised to him but he was never fit to take it up, and soon after the end of the World War he was placed on the retired list. He then devoted himself to historical and critical work on the war. In 1921 he published an account of the operations of the 87th Brigade under the title Une Brigade au feu; Potins de Guerre.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY (see 7.169). The total enrolment of regular students in 1920 was 5,765 (including 1,127 women), divided as follows: graduate school, 407; college of arts and
sciences, 1,812; college of law, 178; medical college, 312 in New York city and 37 taking freshman work in the Ithaca division of
the college; New York state veterinary college, 103; New York state college of agriculture, 1,283; college of architecture, 130; college of civil engineering, 403; Sibley College of mechanical
engineering, 1,210; duplicate enrolment, no. In addition 2,171 students were enrolled in the 1919 summer session (especially for teachers) and 396 in the short winter course in agriculture in
1920. The students came from nearly all the states, territories,
and insular possessions of the United States and from 38 foreign
countries e.g. there were 50 students from China, 30 from
Europe, 25 from South America, 16 from Cuba, 7 from South
Africa, 6 from Japan, 3 from Australia, etc.
In 1919-20 new endowment was pledged to the amount of $5,700,000 to increase teachers' salaries. The same year an anonymous gift was received of $1,500,000 to build and equip a new laboratory of chemistry; $500,000 from August Heckscherof New York for the endowment of research, and from other sources special gifts aggregating $708,000. Under the will of Goldwin Smith, $683,000 was received in 1911 for the promotion of liberal studies, and from Jacob H. Schiff, in 1912, $100,000 for the pro- motion of studies in German culture; in 1918 at Mr. SchifPs request the purpose was changed to the promotion of studies in human civilization, and in the same year Baron Charnwood gave 15 lectures on this foundation.
During the decade 1911-20 the university's physical growth continued; the state added 10 large buildings to the equipment of the two state colleges and built a new armoury for the department of military science; gifts of $350,000 from George F. Baker, a New York banker, and $300,000 from Mrs. Russell Sage provided four residential halls for students; Mrs. Florence Rand Lang of Montclair, New Jersey, added Rand Hall (machine-shop and electrical laboratory) to Sibley College. In 1919 the university's invested funds amounted to $14,976,500, yielding in the fiscal year 1919-20 an income of $738,100; the income from state and nation was $1,397,800, and from tuition fees $975,000. The grounds, buildings, and equipment were valued at about $7,637,400. The area of the campus was 359 ac. and that of the experimental farms (adjoining the campus) was about 1,100 acres. The appropriation made by the state to the College of Agriculture for the fiscal year 1920 was $1,800,588; in 1910 it was $412,000. The regular annual tuition fee in 1921 was $200, but in medicine it was $300; tuition in the two state colleges was free to residents of New York state. The university library in 1920 contained about 630,000 volumes. Among the important recent accessions were the Charles W. Wason collection of works relating to China and the Chinese, 9,399 volumes, presented in 1918; the James Verner Scaife collection of books relating to the American Civil War; and the engineering library of the late Emil Kuichling, 2,093 volumes, presented by Mrs. Kuichling in 1919. The Willard Fiske bequests have been described in three important bibliographies: Catalogue of the Icelandic Collection (1914), Catalogue of Runic Literature (1918), both compiled by H. Hermannsson, and Catalogue' of the Petrarch Collection (1916), compiled by Mary Fowler. The results of the Cornell expedition to Asia Minor and the Assyro-Babylonian Orient were published in 1911. In 1920 appeared the fifth volume of the Cornell Studies in English, founded in 1916. Several volumes have also been added to the Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, the Cornell Studies in History and Political Science, and the Cornell Studies in Philosophy. The valuable law library numbered about 53,200 volumes. The law school publishes The Cornell Law Quarterly (established 1915). Since 1909 the governor of New York state has appointed five members of the university's board of 40 trustees; 15 are coopted, and the alumni elect ten; others are ex-officio members. Since 1916 the faculty has sent three representatives to the board who sit as trustees, but without a vote. Andrew Dickson White (q.v.), who, at the request of Ezra Cornell, drew up the original plans for organizing the university and served as its first president, died at Ithaca Nov. 4 1918. Pres. Jacob Gould Schurman (q.v.) resigned in June 1920, and Prof. A. W. Smith, dean of Sibley College, was elected acting-president. Of the 21,445 degrees granted since the founding of the university, 18,992, or more than seven-eighths, were granted during President Schurman's 28 years of service. He was appointed U.S. minister to China by President Harding in 1921. Dr. Livingston Farrand (q.v.) was elected president in June 1921. Dr. Farrand, formerly a professor in Columbia University, was president of the university of Colorado from 1914 to 1919, and was then appointed chairman of the Central Committee of the American Red Cross. For two years he directed the work against tuberculosis in France under the auspices of the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation.
During the World War the university, in cooperation with the
