great majority of the post-offices belong to the third grade, and are
conducted on a contract system, which has proved eminently
satisfactory. The post-offices in Japan include in their operations
such diverse matters as the carrying, within limits as to size and
weight, of every kind of freight, the collection of taxes and bills, the
distribution of advertisements, and the paying of pensions and
annuities on behalf of the national Treasury. The post-offices also
undertake the business of State life insurance by a simplified process
for the benefit of the middle and working classes. Table 20 shows
the expansion of the postal services, the figures being compiled in
each case to the end of the respective fiscal years (March 31).
Table 20. Postal Service
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End of Fiscal Year
Number of Post-Offices
Number of Packets
Number of Parcels
1910
6,946
,464,557,721
20,281,823
1911
7,086
,512,029,475
22,210,422
1912
7,166
,634,423,611
23,178,936
1913 .
7,268
,635,151,146
24,393,232
1914 .
7,268
,798,716,674
25,370,165
1915 .
7,266
1,801,092,286
25,202,220
1916 .
7,358
1,888,002,293
26,128,093
1917 .
7,53
2,043,601,963
29,578,542
1918 .
7,647
2,362,802,401
33.243,648
1919 .
7,764
2.783,803,434
40,246,772
The Post-Office Savings Bank was first inaugurated in 1875, and the rate of interest was raised from 4-2% to 4-8% in April 1915. The number of depositors increased from 10,052,641 on March 31 1910 to 20,088,713 in 1919, the deposits having advanced in the same period from 127,112,097 yen to 605,480,783. The figures at the end of the fiscal year 1920 were 23,787,626 depositors and 827,550,777 yen respectively.
Telegraphs. Since 1879 Japan has belonged to the International Telegraph Convention, and in June 1908 she ratified her membership of the International Wireless Union. The expansion of her home telegraph service has been noteworthy. In 1910, with a total of 3,951 telegraph offices, 101,500 m. of wires were in use and 28,205,- 032 messages were sent; in 1919, there were 5,651 offices, 124,776 m. of wire in use, and 60,262,101 messages were transmitted.
Wireless. In addition to the main wireless station of Funabashi, Japan has nine other shore stations, with a daytime transmission distance varying between 300 and 600 nautical m., the night dis- tance being between 1,000 and 1, 800 nautical miles. Two of these stations, Choshi and Osezaki, have been reconstructed and have a daytime transmission power of 1,500 nautical m., with 3,000 at night. In 1910 there were 7,817 wireless messages, and 121,974 in 1919.
Telephones. When first inaugurated in Dec. 1890, the telephone service failed to attract many subscribers, but its popularity gradual- ly increased, until in March 1918 there were 210,321 applications for installations outstanding, and the sums deposited by would-be sub- scribers in the hands of the authorities exceeded 3,000,000 yen. The authorities had started in 1909 a system of giving preference for an installation in consideration of a payment varying between 150 and 285 yen, according to locality, and this system, which has been very successful, still obtains. The maximum annual charge for the telephone service is 66 yen and the minimum 36 yen, according to locality, and at the end of the fiscal year 1918-9 there were 273,309 subscribers and 3,090 telephone offices, besides 799 fitted with auto- matic apparatus. At the same period the length of telephone lines was 9,467 m., the length of wires 700,651 m., and the number of messages in the year was 1,821,038,722.
Aerial Communications. Japan keeps in close touch with the latest developments in aviation, and especially with those which hold possibilities of improving the facilities for the transmission of postal matter and goods. In 1920 and 1921 experiments in civil aviation were carried out, and early progress was anticipated.
The Army. After the Russo-Japanese War, six divisions were added to the Japanese army, making the whole strength 19 divisions, and in 1915, two more divisions were established for the defence of Chosen. After the World War it was planned to bring the Japanese military organization up to the standard of efficiency and equipment set by new experiences in Europe. An 1 8-year reorganization scheme, involving 180,000,000 yen (18,400,000) was passed by the Diet in 1918; and in 1920 it was decided not only to alter the scheme considerably but to expedite its execution and have it completed in 14 years. The estimate passed was 290,000,000 yen (29,600,000). The expansion of the flying corps was also decided upon. There were to be six flying squadrons consisting of three flights and each flight was to be equipped with 12 aeroplanes.
The Japanese army consisted in 1920 of 84 regiments of infantry, 28 regiments of cavalry, 26 regiments of field artillery, 6 regiments of heavy artillery, 3 regiments of mountain artillery, 20 companies of engineers, 18 companies of commissariat, 2 regiments of com- munication troops, I regiment and I company of telegraph corps and 4 flying corps.
Under the system of conscription, able-bodied males of from 17 to 40 years of age are liable for service in the army. Those who have completed the middle school education or who are recognized to have had an equal education, can apply for the volunteer service of
one year in lieu of the ordinary three years' service. A young man who is receiving; a liberal education may be exempted from military service until it is finished ; residents abroad are also exempted until they attain their 37th year.
The new scheme of organization entails the constitution of each division on a three-regiment basis and the abolition of the brigade. An army corps will thus consist of two divisions ; and six army corps, exclusive of the Guards' division, are to be established. A Japanese infantry regiment contains four battalions, each of a strength of 600 men; a cavalry regiment has four squadrons, each of 100 sabres; six four-gun batteries, that is, 2/j. guns, are the strength of a regiment of field artillery, and a battalion of engineers consists of three com- panies, each 300 strong.
The. Navy. -As a sequel to the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese naval authorities came to the conclusion that the most efficient- fleet unit would be the so-called " 8-8 plan"; viz. a unit consisting of eight battleships, eight battle-cruisers and a suitable strength of subsidiary boats. The Diet agreed to the scheme in principle in 1917, but owing to financial reasons it was decided to start with an 84 fleet. In the following year, the Diet passed an expanded plan of 86 unit, spread over seven years. On account of the strengthened financial situation, the naval authorities proposed, in Dec. 1920, an additional appropriation of 751,900,000 yen (76,990,000) beyond the 408,000,000 yen (41,700,000) previously assigned for warship construction, with the view of completing the 88 unit scheme in eight years. The Diet gave its assent to this proposal in passing the Budget for 19212, and, according to this plan, Japan was expected to have in commission, by 1927, 4 battleships, 4 battle- cruisers, 12 cruisers, 32 destroyers, 5 gunboats, 12 fleet auxiliaries, 6 mine sweepers, and several submarines, thus bringing the strength of the Japanese navy in ships not exceeding eight years in age to 8 battleships, 8 battle-cruisers, 23 cruisers, 73 destroyers, approxi- mately 80 submarines, 5 gunboats, 27 fleet auxiliaries and 120 sub- marines. In conjunction with this 8-8 scheme, the expansion of the naval air force was decided upon, and by 1923 the formation of 17 service corps and 2 practice corps was to have been completed.
In 1910 the tonnage of the Japanese navy was 524,273; in 1920 it was 796,288. In 1920 its strength was 15 battleships, 7 battle- cruisers, 9 armoured cruisers, 16 light cruisers, 14 coast-defence vessels, 8 gunboats, 87 destroyers, 20 torpedo-boats, and about 20 submarines. In 1910 the navy had 4,814 officers, 193 cadets, 14,616 non-commissioned officers, and 47,998 men.
DOMESTIC HISTORY
Social Aspects. The chronological mutation from the Era of Enlightened Peace (Meiji) to the Era of Great Righteousness (Taisho) also incidentally registers a period of great historic moment for the Japanese people, who were gradually awakening to the evolutional necessity of moral reconstruction. The wars with China and Russia had given them the reassuring confidence that their country was safe from any foreign aggression, the fear of which had been a perpetual nightmare to the founders of mod- ern Japan. The considerable achievements in the domains of her trade and industry strengthened their belief in the destiny of the nation. Especially the younger generation, whose Cradles were neither haunted by the shapes of monstrous " black ships " and belching guns, nor were oppressed by the overwhelming in- flux of novel knowledge and strange customs, had set themselves to the task of self-orientation. Western literature itself, trans- lated on a large scale into the vernacular, had taught them that the undigested application of foreign laws and institutions would do more harm than good to the national well-being. The alleged attempt on the person of the Emperor Meiji in 1910 a solitary occurrence in the age-long history of a patriotic people brought men to serious reflection. The dazzling glory of victories was somehow eclipsed by the growing social agitation. Is it not the mission of the islanders of Nippon now to take upon themselves the creation of a new civilization by harmonizing and uniting the East and the West? This was the question which presented it- self to the mind of young Japan. There followed a remarkable revival in the study of the Japanese and Chinese classics. There was heard a voice in the wilderness crying that men must return to nature before aspiring to be a Japanese, a father, a scholar, or in fact almost anything. A .leader of the Shirakaba circle, a coterie of literary men strongly advocating the latter movement, select- ed a mountain site in southern Japan to establish his " New Village " to be conducted on the humanitarian principle. The repeated famines in the N.E. districts of Japan, the disastrous eruption of the Sakurajima volcano, the rapid rise in the cost of living, the revelation of bribery scandals, the frequent changes of Cabinets all these worked together to cause popular dis-
