Page:Electronics Technician - Volume 7 - Antennas and Wave Propagation - NAVEDTRA 14092.pdf/64

conditions. Maximum power is absorbed by the load when $Z_{L}=Z_{O}$. If a line has no standing waves, the termination for that line is correct and maximum power transfer takes place.

You have probably noticed that the variation of standing waves shows how near the rf line is to being terminated in $Z_{O}$. A wide variation in voltage along the length means a termination far from $Z_{O}$. A small variation means termination near $Z_{O}$. Therefore, the ratio of the maximum to the minimum is a measure of the perfection of the termination of a line. This ratio is called the STANDING-WAVE RATIO (swr) and is always expressed in whole numbers. For example, a ratio of 1:1 describes a line terminated in its characteristic impedance ($Z_{O}$).

Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio

The ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage on a line is called the VOLTAGE STANDING-WAVE RATIO (vswr). Therefore:

${\text{vswr}}=\left|{\frac {E_{\text{max}}}{E_{\text{min}}}}\right|$

The vertical lines in the formula indicate that the enclosed quantities are absolute and that the two values are taken without regard to polarity, Depending on the nature of the standing waves, the numerical value of vswr ranges from a value of 1 ($Z_{L}=Z_{O}$, no standing waves) to an infinite value for theoretically complete reflection. Since there is always a small loss on a line, the minimum voltage is never zero and the vswr is always some finite value. However, if the vswr is to be a useful quantity. the power losses along the line must be small in comparison to the transmitted power.

Power Standing-Wave Ratio

The square of the vswr is called the POWER STANDING-WAVE RATIO (pswr). Therefore:

${\text{pswr}}={\frac {P_{\text{max}}}{P_{\text{min}}}}$

This ratio is useful because the instruments used to detect standing waves react to the square of the voltage. Since power is proportional to the square of the voltage, the ratio of the square of the maximum and minimum voltages is called the power standing-wave ratio. In a sense, the name is misleading because the power along a transmission line does not vary.

Current Standing-Wave Ratio

The ratio of maximum to minimum current along a transmission line is called CURRENT STANDING-WAVE RATIO (iswr). Therefore:

${\text{iswr}}=\left|{\frac {I_{\text{max}}}{I_{\text{min}}}}\right|$

This ratio is the same as that for voltages. It can be used where measurements are made with loops that sample the magnetic field along a line. It gives the same results as vswr measurements.

TRANSMISSION MEDIUMS

The Navy uses many different types of TRANSMISSION MEDIUMS in its electronic applications. Each medium (line or waveguide) has a certain characteristic impedance value, current-carrying capacity, and physical shape and is designed to meet a particular requirement.

The five types of transmission mediums that we will discuss in this topic include PARALLEL-LINE, TWISTED PAIR, SHIELDED PAIR, COAXIAL LINE, and WAVEGUIDES. The use of a particular line depends, among other things, on the applied frequency, the power-handling capabilities, and the type of installation.

Parallel Line

One type of parallel line is the TWO-WIRE OPEN LINE, illustrated in figure 3-9. This line consists of two wires that are generally spaced from 2 to 6 inches apart by insulating spacers. This type of line is most often used for power lines, rural telephone lines, and telegraph lines. It is sometimes used as a transmission line between a transmitter and an antenna or between an antenna and a receiver. An advantage of this type

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