improvements in the administration of the salt revenue. Acting on the advice of Wei Yüan [q. v.] and Pao Shih-ch'ên, he adopted in 1832 a plan known as p'iao-yen 票鹽, a way of selling salt by official permits issued to any merchant making full payment in advance. This method proved more efficient and more profitable to the government than the old method of selling salt through a few merchants whose rights to the monopoly were hereditary. The new system was at first practiced in a restricted region and by 1850 was extended to vast areas of central China where salt from northern Kiangsu was sold. In March 1839 Tao Chu resigned from office because of illness and died four months later. He was canonized as Wên-i 文毅, and a special temple was built to him in the salt region in Pan-p'u (present Kuan-yün), Kiangsu (1840).
The literary works of T'ao Chu were published during his lifetime under the following titles: 印心石屋文鈔 Yin-hsin shih-wu wên-ch'ao, 35 chüan; Yin-hsin shih-wu shih (詩), 7 chüan; and 撫吳草 Fu-Wu ts'ao, 4 chüan. His memorials were printed in 1828 in two collections, one entitled 陶雲汀題稿 T'ao Yün-t'ing t'i-kao, 8 chüan, and the other, T'ao Yün-t'ing tsou-kao (奏稿), 24 chüan. The latter was expanded to 76 chüan about 1839–40, with the title altered to T'ao Yün-ting tsou-shu (疏). Some of these memorials are also included in the re-edited collection of his works, published in 1840 by the salt merchants of Huai-pei (淮北, i.e., northern Kiangsu), under the title T'ao Wên-i kung ch'üan-chi (公全集), 64 chüan, plus 2 chüan of epitaphs and biographical sketches dealing with his life. Other works by him are: 蜀輶日記 Shu-yu jih-chi, a diary of his journey to Szechwan, beginning in the summer of 1825 and concluding the following winter; 陶桓公年譜 T'ao Huan-kung nien-p'u, 4 chüan, a chronological biography of T'ao K'an 陶侃 (257–332); 靖節年譜考異 Ching-chieh nien-p'u k'ao-i, 2 chüan, a critical study of the various biographies of his ancestor, T'ao Ch'ien 陶潛 (T. 淵明, 372–427 A.D.); and 陶淵明集輯注 T'ao Yüan-ming chi chi-chu, 10 chüan, annotations on the various commentaries to the works of Tao Ch'ien. In addition, he suggested and initiated the compilation of a general history of Anhwei province, Anhwei t'ung-chih, 266 chüan, which was begun in 1825 and completed in 1829.
T'ao Chu had eight sons and seven daughters. One of his sons, T'ao Kuang 陶恍, married a daughter of Tso Tsung-t'ang; one of his daughters married Hu Lin-i [qq. v.].
[1/385/4a; 3/201/1a, 459/3a; 4/mo-shang/1b; 5/23/1a; 兩淮鹽法志 Liang-Huai yen-fa chih (1905) 52/1a, 138/3a; Wei Yüan [q. v.], Wei Mo-shên wên-chi, 7/21a–28a.]
TÊ-hsing-a 德興阿 (clan name 喬佳), d. 1867, was a Manchu general and a member of the Plain Yellow Banner, stationed in Heilungkiang. In 1846 he was transferred to Peking to be an imperial guard and in 1852 he was promoted to senior bodyguard of the first rank. After a few months he was ordered to lead his Heilungkiang troops to Honan under the command of Ch'i-shan [q. v.] to oppose the advance of the Taiping Rebels (see under Hung Hsiu-ch'üan). In 1853 the Taipings took Nanking (March 19), I-chêng (March 29), Kua-chou (March 31) and Yangchow (April 1)—the last three all north of the Yangtze River. Ch‘i-shan was made Imperial Commissioner and commander-in-chief of the cavalry and infantry that were summoned from Chihli, Honan, Shensi and Heilungkiang to withstand the rebels. He reached the suburbs of Yangchow on April 16 and established the Great Camp of Kiangpei (江北大營), whose troops harassed the Taipings from the north bank of the Yangtze for many years. As soon as Ch'i-shan, Tê-hsing-a and others arrived on the scene they fought desperately to recover Yangchow, but did not take the city until December 27, after which the Taipings retired to Kua-chou. In May 1853 Lin Fêng-hsiang [q. v.] took a strong detachment of Taipings from Yangchow for his northern expedition. He was pursued by government forces under Shêng-pao (see under Lin Fêng-hsiang) and others, but for several months successfully conducted his campaign—even reaching the suburbs of Tientsin. Meanwhile Tê-hsing-a continued to harass the Taipings at Kua-chou.
After the death of Ch'i-shan in August 1854 his place as commander-in-chief of the Great Camp of Kiangpei was given to T'o-ming-a 托明阿 (clan name 棟鄂, d. 1865) who was a member of the Plain Red Banner and Manchu general-in-chief at Sui-yüan-ch'êng from 1848 to 1853, after which he was ordered to move against the Taiping northern expedition. But before T'o-ming-a assumed his post, Tê-hsing-a and his forces repulsed with great effectiveness a Taiping attack on Yangchow. In November
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