November 11, 1748 because he had been accused by the Imperial Clan Court of ordering the flogging of his niece by a eunuch. It was reported also that he had shown parsimony in the support of his fellow-clansmen. When Tê-p'ei was named the eighth inheritor of Jirgalang's rank (or the seventh Prince Chien), he was enjoined to show kindness to his poorer relations. He held the rank, however, for only four years, for he died in 1752. He was canonized as I 儀. Because he left no male heir the rank reverted to Jirgalang's branch of the family (see under Ulgungga).
Chinese records seem not to record the fact that Tê-p'ei became a Christian; only in the writings or correspondence of the missionaries are there references to a cousin of Sunu, a governor of Chekiang and governor-general of Hunan and Hupeh, who embraced the Christian faith and was baptized under the name Joseph. Ch'ên Yüan (see under Sunu) has lately shown that these indications point unequivocably to Tê-p'ei whose Christian ideas and knowledge of Western science are, moreover, revealed in his writings—particularly in his 實踐錄 Shih-chien lu, printed in 1736; and in his 鰲峯書院講學錄 Ao-fêng shu-yüan chiang-hsüeh lu, printed in 1741. Tê-p'ei left two works on the Classic of Changes, entitled 易圖解 I t'u-chieh and 周易補注 Chou-I pu-chu.
[Ch'ên Yüan's studies appear in Fu-jên hsüeh-chih (see bibl. under Liu Pao-nan) vol. 3, no. 2 (1932); Pfister, Notices, p. 644; Shêng-yü [q. v.], Pa-ch'i wên-ching, chüan 11, 14; 宗室王公功績表傳 Tsung-shih Wang-kung kung-chi piao-chuan, 6/22a; Fang Pao [q. v.], Wang-hsi chi-wai-wên pu-i, 1/6a, 15a; idem, Wang-hai wên-chi tsai-hsü pu-i, 2/9a.]
TÊ-tsung. Temple name of Tsai-t'ien [q. v.].
TÊNG Shih-ju 鄧石如 (T. 頑白, H. 完白山人, 笈遊道人), 1743 (1739?)–1805, calligrapher and seal carver, was born in the town of Chi-hsien kuan (集賢關) in the Huai-ning (Anking) district, Anhwei. His ming was originally Yen 琰, but as it coincided with part of the personal name of Emperor Jên-tsung he referred to himself by his tzŭ, Shih-ju. His father, Têng I-chih 鄧一枝 (T. 木齋), was a scholar as well as a calligrapher; but, ignored by the world because of his intolerance of others, he made only a meagre living. Têng Shih-ju, having in his youth no opportunity to study, engaged in the business of making and selling seals and rubbings of inscriptions on stone and bronze. When he was about twenty sui, he and his grandfather went to Shou-chou, Anhwei, where several years later he gained the recognition of a famous calligrapher, Liang Hsien (see under Liang T'ung-shu), who was then director of the Shou-ch'un 壽春 Academy in that town. On the recommendation of Liang he was invited to live in Nanking for eight years at the residence of Mei Liu 梅鏐 (T. 石君), Son of Mei Ku-ch'êng [q. v.], who had a good collection of inscriptions on stone and bronze. Têng studied these inscriptions intensively and so gradually mastered the technique of calligraphy.
Thereafter he traveled through the neighboring provinces selling specimens of his handwriting and the seals he carved. In 1785 he made the acquaintance of Chang Hui-yen [q. v.] who lived in the house of Chin Pang 金榜 (T. 蘂中, 輔之, H. 檠齋, 1735–1801) at Shê-hsien, Anhwei. There he remained for more than a year. Through Chang he gained the recognition of Ts'ao Wên-ch'ih (see under Ts'ao Chên-yung), a former president of the Board of Revenue 1785–87), who had retired to his native residence in Shê-hsien. In the autumn of 1790 he accompanied Ts'ao to Peking where he enjoyed the patronage of Lu Hsi-hsiung and Liu Yung [qq. v.]. Têng, however, is said to have been ignored by the followers of Wêng Fang-kang [q. v.] who held a leading place in calligraphic circles at the capital. At any rate he soon left the capital and went to Wuchang where he stayed for about three years under the patronage of Pi Yüan [q. v.], then governor-general of Hunan and Hupeh and to whom he had been recommended by Liu Yung. For about ten years—late in his career—Têng traveled in the eastern provinces seeking places of scenic beauty. In this period the brilliant critic of calligraphy, Pao Shih-ch'ên [q. v.], became one of his intimate friends. Têng Shih-ju was a large-minded and unconventional man, irregular in his habits, and a heavy drinker. He first married when he was forty-six sui. His wife died several years later and he remarried. When he himself died, late in 1805, his sons were of tender age.
A highly-gifted calligrapher, Têng Shih-ju was particularly skilled in the chuan and the li styles (see under Ho Shao-chi). His handwritings in these two styles may be said to have altered the trend in Chinese calligraphy. After the Sung period calligraphers pursued their studies chiefly on the basis of copied texts, but about the middle of the Ch'ing period, under the influence of archaeological studies, they began
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