at Canton, but two years later he and the other militarists of Kwangsi and Yunnan were driven from Canton. Thereafter he lived in retirement at Shanghai.
[Nien-p'u; 1/425/6a; 5/30/4a; Ts'ao K'un, "The Rebellion of Tu Wên-hsiu in T'êng-yüeh" (in Chinese), printed in 1910 in 曲石叢書 Ch'ü-shih ts'ung-shu; Ho Hui-ch'ing, "Eighteen Years of Tu Wên-hsiu's Rebel Government in Yunnan" (in Chinese), printed in 逸經 I-ching, nos. 12–16 (1936); P'ing-ting Yunnan Hui fei fang-lüeh, Ping-ting Kweichow Miao fei chi-lüeh, and Ch'ing-chi wai-chiao shih-liao (characters for all these in I-hsin); Wên-hsien ts'ung-pien (see bibl. under Li Fu), no. 22; The Journey of Augustus Raymond Margary (1876) ; Anderson, J., Mandalay to Momein (1876); Wang, S. T., The Margary Affair and the Chefoo Convention (1940); Li Kên-yüan 李根源, 雪生年錄 Hsüeh-shêng nien-lu, 1/3a, 2/12a, 3/2a; 金陵通傳 Chin-ling t'ung-chuan, 40/3b; Chin-shih jên-wu chih (see under Wêng T'ung-ho); Broomhall, M., Islam in China, a Neglected Problem (1910); see bibl. under Fêng Tzŭ-ts'ai.]
TSÊNG Chi-tsê 曾紀澤 (T. 劼剛), Dec. 7, 1839–1890, M ar. 12, diplomat, a native of Hsiang-hsiang, Hunan, was the elder son of Tsêng Kuo-fan [q. v.]. When about a year old he was taken to Peking where his father was in office, and so did not leave the capital for his ancestral home until 1853. Thereafter his father was chiefly occupied in the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion. Tsêng Chi-tsê occasionally visited his father's various headquarters, and sometimes accompanied him on tours of inspection, but did not take an active part in military campaigns. Though he made no effort to qualify for the official examinations, he nevertheless received a liberal education. He familiarized himself with the Classics, history, literature, music and archery, and achieved some skill in painting and calligraphy. At the same time he had some grasp of Western science and of the English language. One of his trusted European friends was Samuel Halliday Macartney (see under Kuo Sung-tao) who later accompanied him on his mission to Russia. When his father died, in 1872, Tsêng Chi-tsê inherited the hereditary rank of hou 侯 and therefore was given in the West the appellation Marquis. In 1878 he was appointed minister to England and France as successor to Kuo Sung-tao [q. v.]. He sailed from Shanghai on November 22, 1878; arrived in Paris on January 4, 1879; and presented his letters of credence six days later. He proceeded to London on February 4, and on March 20 presented his credentials at the Court of St. James.
During his seven years of diplomatic service in Europe the most outstanding achievement of Tsêng Chi-tsê was the conclusion with Russia, in February 1881, of the Treaty of St. Petersburg. Rebellious uprisings among the Mohammedan groups of Chinese Turkestan had already begun in 1862. By 1867 Yakoob Beg (see under Tso Tsung-t'ang) emerged as conqueror and as ruler over Kashgar and Yarkand. In 1867 Tso Tsung-t'ang [q. v.] was charged with the task of putting down these Mohammedan rebels. But the distance being great, and the means of transport limited, he had to proceed slowly. In the meantime Russia took advantage of the chaotic situation to move troops into Kuldja and occupy the territory of Ili (1871), giving aSsŭrances, however, to the Chinese government that the territory would be restored when China was in a position to maintain order in that area. Apparently Russian officials were then of the opinion that China would not be able to resume control. Nevertheless, Tso Tsung-t'ang slowly but surely pushed forward his military campaign. By 1878 the whole territory was pacified and Russia was informed that China was ready to resume the administration of Ili. Ch'ung-hou [q. v.] was appointed ambassador plenipotentiary to Russia, presenting his credentials at St. Petersburg in January 1879. As the Treaty of Livadis, negotiated by Ch'ung-hou, was regarded in China as a complete failure, and was received there with consternation, it was renounced by the Chinese government on February 19, 1880. On February 12 Tsêng Chi-tsê was appointed minister to Russia in the hope of being able to conclude a new treaty. Leaving London on July 14, he arrived at St. Petersburg on July 30 and presented his credentials at Tsarskoe Selo on August 22. As the people of both nations were indignant, and war seemed imminent, the negotiation of a new treaty was exceedingly difficult. A work, entitled 金軺籌筆 Chin-yao ch'ou-pi gives a full account of the conferences held from August 4, 1880 to February 23, 1881 between Tsêng Chi-tsê and Nicolas de Giers 格爾斯, Russian minister of foreign affairs; Baron de Jomini 熱梅尼, a member of the council of that ministry; and Eugene C. Butzow 布策, the Russian minister to China. This record, with an appendix containing the text of the Treaty
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