of illness, he requested that his son, Shang Chih-hsin [q. v.], then in government service in Peking, be dispatched to take temporary charge of his affairs. Two years later, he asked permission to retire to his old home in Liaotung, being then, he said, over seventy (sui).
The granting of this request precipitated the San-fan Rebellion, the most serious revolt which the Manchus had to face early in their rule. The government not only approved of his retirement, but made plans to bring the administration of Kwangtung under the control of the central authorities. Though this step was apparently agreeable to Shang K'o-hsi, it was strongly resented by the neighboring dictators, Wu San-kuei [q. v.] in Yunnan, and Kêng Ching-chung [q. v.] in Fukien. When they saw the probability of their own respective empires being similarly taken over by the central government, they decided to rebel. Meanwhile Shang K'o-hsi had recognized the tyrannical character of his son, Shang Chih-hsin, and had petitioned the emperor to nominate in his stead a younger son, Shang Chih-hsiao [q. v.], as heir to the rank of prince. This was done in 1674. Shang K'o-hsi remained loyal to the Manchu ruler, though the rebellion continued to grow around him. At the beginning of 1676 the forces of Kêng Ching-chung took Ch'ao-chou on the eastern border of Kwangtung, and those of Wu San-kuei penetrated the province from the west as far as Chao-ch'ing, while Shang Chih-hsin, disgruntled over his loss of a title, communicated with the rebels from within. Shortly thereafter the son went to the length of putting his father under arrest, with the aim of forcing him to join the rebels. Shang K'o-hsi, who was confined to his bed, tried to commit suicide. Although he did not succeed in this, his illness was aggravated to such an extent that he died in the latter part of 1676. He was granted the posthumous name Ching 敬 and in 1681 his remains were taken back to Hai-chou, where they were interred with appropriate honors.
Shang K'o-hsi had twenty-three sons. Of those who followed military careers, ten rose to the rank of lieutenant-general, and another to the rank of general. Three sons became privy-councillors. Nine of Shang K'o-hsi's grandsons and great-grandsons were captains in the Banner organization, and nine held civil posts of the rank of district magistrate or higher.
[1/240/9a; 2/78/17a; 4/6/7b; Ssŭ Wang ho chuan (see bibl. under Kêng Ching-chung); 平南敬親王尚可喜事實册 P'ing-nan Ching Ch'in-wang Shang K'o-hsi shih-shih ts'ê in 史料叢刊 Shih liao ts'ung-k'an (1924); Haenisch, E., T'oung Pao, 1913, p. 95; Ming-Ch'ing shih-liao (see under Hung Ch'êng-ch'ou).]
SHAO Ch'ang-hêng 邵長蘅 (T. 子湘, H. 青門山人), Aug. 24, 1637–1704, Dec. 18, man of letters, was a native of Wu-chin, Kiangsu. He became a hsiu-ts'ai at the early age of ten (sui). Some fifteen years later (in 1662) he was debarred from taking further examinations because he failed to pay taxes which had fallen in arrears (see under Yeh Fang-ai). Thereafter he devoted himself to forms of literature not required in the examinations. Before many years he achieved fame both as a poet and as an essayist. In 1673 he took part in the compilation of the history of his native place. He was in Peking at the time of the po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ examination of 1679 (see under P'êng Sun-yü), and although he was not one of the competitors, the occasion afforded him an opportunity to make the acquaintance of many scholars. In 1684, with the help of his official friends, he was allowed to compete in the provincial examination in Peking. Failing, however, to pass, he gave up hope for an official career. Thereafter he traveled extensively.
He gained the friendship of Sung Lao [q. v.] when the latter was in Huang-chou in 1664–69; and when Sung Lao became governor of Kiangsu in 1692 Shao was invited to be his private secretary. While serving in this capacity he compiled the 二家詩鈔 Êr-chia shih-ch'ao, in 20 chüan—an anthology of the poems of Wang Shih-chên [q. v.] and Sung Lao. In 1699 he edited for the latter the Shih chu Su shih (see under Sung Lao). His own collected works, 邵子湘全集 Shao Tzŭ-hsiang ch'üan-chi (also known as 青門集 Ch'ing-mên chi), consist of three parts: the Ch'ing-mên lu kao (簏稿), in 16 chüan, written before 1678; the Ch'ing-mên lü (旅) kao, in 6 chüan, written during the years 1679–1691; and the Ch'ing-men shêng (賸) kao, in 8 chüan, written after 1692. This work, in its complete form, was first printed in 1700 and was reprinted in the 常州先哲遺書 Ch'ang-chou hsien-chê i-shu of 1897. It received notice in the Imperial Catalog, but was not copied into the Ssŭ-k'u Manuscript Library.
[1/489/26a; 3/430/38a; 4/138/11b; Wu-chin Yang-hu ho-chih (1886, see under Li Chao-lo), 26/30b;
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