became united again in Chia-ying-chou, Kwangtung, and Pao Ch'ao was sent there to reinforce the local troops in suppressing them. With an army of 3,000 veterans from Hunan he proceeded to the front, took part in the battle of February 4, 1866 and met a counter-attack the following day. During that month the fifteen years' campaign against the Taipings finally terminated.
After the Taipings were suppressed Pao Ch'ao was engaged in crushing the Nien banditti (see under Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in) on the borders of Hupeh, Honan and Shensi (1866–67). But unable to work harmoniously with Liu Ming-ch'uan [q. v.], he was granted leave to retire on the plea of ill health. Hence he lived at home from 1867 to 1880. In the latter year he was recalled from retirement to prepare for possible hostilities with Russia, with whom China was then engaged in boundary disputes (see under Tsêng Chi-tsê). After the signature of the Sino-Russian treaty on February 24, 1881, Pao Ch'ao was reappointed provincial commander of Hunan, but soon resigned (1882) on grounds of ill health. When the Franco-Chinese conflict over Annam occurred in 1884, he was once more ordered to enroll troops in Hunan and to proceed to Yunnan. He encamped this newly-organized force at Pai-ma kuan 白馬關 on the Yunnan-Annam border until the Franco-Chinese treaty was signed at Tientsin on June 9, 1885. He died at his home in the following year. The Court granted him the title of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and the posthumous name, Chung-chuang 忠壯. Pao Ch'ao was impressive in appearance and, among the generals of the Hunan Army, he was second only to T'a-ch'i-pu [q. v.] in personal bravery.
[1/415/7a; 2/50/16a, 56/26b; 5/67/5b; 8/11 hsia/1a; Li Shu-fan 李叔璠, 鮑公年譜 Pao-kung nien-p'u (1873); Li Tsung-pin 李宗賓, 多忠勇公勤勞錄 To Chung-yung kung ch'in-lao lu (1877).]
PAO Shih-ch'ên 包世臣 (T. 愼伯, H. 倦翁, 安吳先生), 1775–1855, scholar, was born in a country village in the Ching district, Anhwei. His father eked out a meagre living by teaching village boys. In his youth Pao Shih-ch'ên lived at Nanking for several years and studied military tactics and administrative methods. In 1792, owing to his father's illness, he was obliged to return to his native village where he raised and marketed vegetables while his mother and two sisters did needle-work. In 1797, three years after the death of his father, he was invited by Chu Kuei [q. v.], governor of Anhwei, to his office in Anking, where he studied the Classics. During the succeeding two years he served in local offices in Hupeh and Szechwan as an unofficial adviser in military matters. In 1801 he went to Kiangsu and Chekiang in search of a position, and finally settled in Yangchow. In the following year he was called to Shanghai to organize a force for the suppression of pirates, and there he remained for about half a year. For a time he lived at the home of Li Chao-lo [q. v.] in Changchow, where he had an opportunity to study. He competed many times in the provincial examination but he did not become a chü-jên until 1808. He tried a dozen times in the metropolitan examinations but was unable to obtain a higher degree. In 1811 he was invited by Pai-ling (see under Lin Po-t'ung), governor-general of Kiangnan and Kiangsi, to be his unofficial adviser. Thereafter, as an adviser, sometimes in matters of grain transport, and sometimes in matters relating to the canal, he traveled through the provinces along the Grand Canal for about twenty years. In 1826 he obtained temporary employment in the Hoppo's office in Canton. Finally, in 1839, he was made magistrate of Hsin-yü, Kiangsi, a position he held for about a year. His declining years he spent in Nanking as a critic of statecraft, under the patronage of various officials. He died in 1855 while seeking safety from the riots of the Taiping Rebellion.
In 1824, when a section of the Grand Canal was destroyed and the transport of grain was badly disabled, Pao Shih-ch'ên brought together his previously-written essays on this subject and published them, early in 1826, under the title 中衢一勺 Chung-ch'ü i-shao, in 3 chüan. He advocated the transport of grain by sea—giving full details of ways and means. His work won such public approval that it went through several editions. In 1844 he collected his writings and published them, two years later, under the title 安吳四種 An-wu ssŭ-chung, of which a revised edition appeared in 1851. It consists of four parts: Chung-chü i-shao, with 4 chüan of supplements; 藝舟雙楫 I-chou shuang-chi, 9 chüan, a prose collection; 管情三義 Kuan-ch'ing san-i, 8 chüan, a collection of his verse; and 齊民四術 Ch'i-min ssŭ-shu, 12 chüan. The last is a collection of his essays about agricultural, educational, judicial and military matters, based on his
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