out a more or less number cf craft-guilds. London, York, Exeter, Norwich, Bristcl, Coventry, &c., teemed with their life and pageantry, Put the Reformation shook these as it destroyed others; the exactions they suffered, an] the altere] conditions of soctal economy and labour have contributed to their decsy ; “all that remains of the ancient gilds in the livery companies of to-day is the common eating and drinking.” In the centzes of industry of Italy, Franze, Germany, even in Constantinople, they ouc3 formed the strength of commerce, but, abused or dxcayed, in France they were abolished on 4th August 1789 ; in Germany their last remnants died in 1869.[1] In Constantinople numerous trade guilds were flourishing up till the wir of 1877-78. In Russia there are no true spontancous guilds; the trade companies were imposed by
the imperial orders of Catherine and Peter the Great.
See L. Brentano, On the History and Development of Gilds, 1870; Enylish Gilds, Original Ordinances, &c., by Toulmin Smith, 1870; Wilda, Das Gildenwesen im Mittclaltcr, 1831; F. T. Perrens, Histotre de Florence, 1877 ; G. Schmoller, Geschichte der Tucher- und Weber- zunft in Strassburg, 1879 ; G. Schanz, Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Greselien-Verbanie im Mittelalter, 1877; G. Fagniez, L’ Industrie & Paris au 132m ef au 142me siécle, 1877 ; Herbert’s Twelve great Livery Companies of London, 1836; G. Norton’s Commentarics on the History of Lowlon, 1869 ; works by the German writers Carl Hegel, Arnold, Maurer, and Gierke; and the article Club.
GUILDFORD, a municipal and parliamentary borough anl market-town of England, capital of the county of Surrey, is beautifully situated on a gentle acclivity of the northern chalk downs and on the river Wye, crossed there by a bridge of five arches, 30 miles 5.8.W. of London. It consists chiefly of one long, wide, and well-built street, and contains a number of old picturesyne gabled houses, with quaint lattices and curious doorways. The principal build- ings are the ruins of an old castle, erected soon after the Norman conquest, and for a long time used as the county jail; the town-hall, eracted in 1683, containing a number of interesting pictures; the corn market-house, erected in 1818; the county hall and assize court in the domestic Gothic style, erected in 1862; the Abbots Hospital, founded by Archbishop Abbot for decayed tradesmen and decayed tradesmen’s widows ; the county hospital, opened in 1866,. erected as a memorial to the Prince Consort; the Royal Free Grammar School, founded in 1509; the Institute, formed in 1844, with museum, library, and reading and lecture rooms; the church of St Mary, in the Anglo-Norman style, of very early origin, and restored in 1863; the church of St Nicholas, in the Gothic style, erected on the site of an aucient structure of Saxon origin ; and Holy Trinity church, a red brick structure erected 1749-68, with a square embattled tower. Guildford has corn mills, iron foundries, and breweries. There is considerable trade in corn, and fairs are hell for cattle, sheep, horses, and pigs. Guild- ford first returned members to Parliament in the reign of Edward IJ. Formerly it had two members, but since the Reform Act of 1867 it returns only one. The population of the municipal and parliamentary borough in 1861, when the municipal and parliamentary limits were coex- tensive, was 8020; in 1871 the population of the muni- eipul borough (area 5543 acres) was 9106, and that of the parliamentary borough (644 acres) 9801.
It is probable that Guildford is of Roman origin, but it is first mentioned in the will of King Alfred, who bequeathed it to his nephew Ethelwald. Near it took place, in 1039, the murder of Alfred, youngest son of King Ethelred, and his Roman retinue, by the men of Earl Godwine. It was an occasional residence of the English kings, and a portion of it remained attached to the royal demesnes until 1630, when the whole of the crown lands at Guild- ford were vested in Murray, earl of Annandale. After various changes they passed in 1736 to the Onslow family, with whom they still remain.
GUILLEMOT (French, Guillemot[2]), the name accepted by nearly all modern authors for a Sea-bird, the Culymbus trove of Linnzeus and the U7via trove of Latham, which nowadays it seems seldom if ever to bear among those who, from their vocation, are most conversant with it, though, according to Willughby and Ray his translator, it was in their time so called “by those of Northumberland and Durham.” Around the coasts of Britain it is variously known as the Frowl, Kiddaw or Skiddaw, Langy (cf. Ice- landic, Langvia), Lavy, Marrock, Murre, Scout (cf. Coot, vol. vi. p. 341), Scuttock, Strany, Tinker or Tinkershire, and Willock. The number of lucal names testifies to the abundance of this bird, at least of old time, in different places, but it should be observed that in certain districts some of them are the common property of this species and the Razor-bill. In former days the Guillemot yearly fre- quented the cliffs on many parts of the British coasts in countless multitudes, and this is still the case in the northern patts of the United Kingdom; but more to the southward nearly all its smaller settlements have been rendered utterly desolate by the wanton and cruel destruc- tion of their tenants during the breeding season, and even the inhabitants of those which were more crowded had become so thinned that, but for the interventicn of the Sea Birds Preservation Act (32 and 33 Vict. cap. 17), which provided under penalty for the safety of this and certain other species at the time of year when they were most exposed to danger, they would unquestionably by this time have been exterminated so far as England is concerned. The slaughter, which, before the passing of that Act, took place annually on the cliffs of the Isle of Wight, ncar Flam- borough Head, and at such other stations frequented Ly this species and its allies the Razor-bill and Puflin, and the Kittiwake-Gull, as could be easily reached by excursionists from London and the large manufacturing towns, was in the highest degree brutal. No use whatever could be made of the bodies of the victims, which indeed those who indulged in their massacre were rarely at the trouble to pick out of the water; the birds shot were all engaged in breeding; and most of them had young, which of course starved to death through the destruction of their parents, intercepted in the performance of the most sacred duty of nature, and butchered to gratify the murderous lust of those who sheltered themselves under the name of “sportsmen.”
We know that it arrives at its wonted breeding stations on its accustomed day in spring, that it remains there till, towards the end of summer, its young are hatched and able, as they soon are, to encounter the perils of a seafaring life, when away go all, parents and progeny. After that time it commonly happens that a few examples are occasion- ally met with in bays and shallow waters. 'Tempestuous weather will drive ashore a large number in a state of utter destitution—many of them indeed are not unfrequently washed up dead—but what becomes of the bulk of the birds, not merely the comparatively few thousands that are natives of Britain, but the tens and hundreds of thousands, not to say millions, that are in summer denizens of more northern latitudes, no one can yet say. This mystery is not peculiar to the Guillemot, but is shared by all the Alcide that inhabit the Atlantic Ocean. Examples stray every season across the Bay of Biscay, are found off the
coasts of Spain and Portugal, enter the Mediterranean and
- ↑ There is, however, a lively movement for the revival of craft-guilds in Germany at the present time (1879).
- ↑ The word, however, seems to be cognate with or derived from the Welsh and Manx Guillem, or Gwilym as Pennant spells it. The asso- ciation may have no real meaning, but one cannot help comparing the resemblance between the French Guillemot and Guillaume with that between the English Willock (another name for the bird, as will be seen by the text) and William.
