he arrived at St Petersburg July 9, 1750 The autumn of that year he spent travelling in Germany and Holland, and on October 28th he landed in England, where the narrative of his travels published in 1753 soon made him a man of note. The rest of his life was for the most part spent in London, and his leisure was devoted to the advocacy and support of all kinds of useful and benevolent enterprises. In 1762 lie was appointed one of the com missioners for victualling the navy, and on his resignation in 1783 he received the whole of his salary as a pension. He died September 5, 1786. Hanway was naturally a healthy and active man ; in Russia he was known as the handsome Englishman ; but the efforts of his travels in Persia rendered him somewhat of a valetudinarian. He is popularly known as the first Englishman to carry an umbrella in his native country; this he persisted in using in spite of all the efforts of the hackney coachmen to hoot or hustle him into conformity. He succeeded in writing down the custom of giving vails; and in his Journey from Portsmouth to Kingston he attacked the pernicious habit of tea-drinking, which, however, found an able and ardent defender in Dr Johnson. In 1757 he took an active part in founding the Marine Society, the object oi which was to fit out poor boys and men for the navy ; he was one of the originators of the Magdalen Hospital ; it was due to his continued efforts that the Act of George III. was passed for the better treatment of the parish infants ; and in 1785 he took up the lamentable case of those little chimney-sweeps whose dangerous occupation is now a thing of the past. The method of solitary confinement for prisoners found in him one of its earliest advocates, and in various other ways he sought to improve the chances of the criminal population. " Every man," was his theory, "is capable of good if properly treated. If doing justice to an offender implies an attempt to reform him by using the proper means, by parity of reasoning the using of im proper means is doing injustice." Han way s writings are of little value except for the sake of the causes which they supported ; while effective as pamphlets, they lack both style and method, and are apt to run over into platitudin ous moralizings. See Pugh, Remarkable Occurrences in
the Life of Jonas Hanway, 1787.HAPARANDA, from Haaparanta, " Aspen-shore," a small town of Sweden in the district of Tornea, at the northern end of the Gulf of Bothnia, in 65 51 N. lat. It lies about a mile from the mouth of the Tornea-Elf, exactly opposite the town of TorneS, which has belonged to Russia since 1809. Haparanda was founded in 1812, and at first bore the name of Carljohansstad or Charles John s Town. It received its municipal constitution in 1842. The inhabitants, who according to the census of 1875 number 944, carry on a brisk trade and engage in ship-building. Since 1859 the town has been the seat of a meteorological station, which is one of the most valuable in Europe, not only because it lies so far north, but also because of its position at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia, and immediately to the south of the line of junction between the permanently open sea and the sea which is frozen during the winter months, or, in other words, in the region where at certain seasons there is an extraordinary crowding together of the isothermal lines.
that is, Hawkscastle), an old German family which has given sovereigns to Germany, Spain, and Austria, takes its name from the old Swiss castle of Habsburg, now in ruins, situated on the river Aar in the canton of Aargau. The first mention of the countship of Habsburg is in a document of 1099, where the name Werner, count of Habsburg, occurs in connexion with the consecration of the monastery of Muri as confirming the grants of the pious foundations made by his ancestors. This Werner of Habsburg was a nephew of Werner, bishop of Strasburg, who built the castle of Habsburg about the year 1020. The succession of the family cannot be traced between this period and the time of the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, but in a document whose date is 30th May 1153, Werner II. and his son Albert the Rich are mentioned as counts of Habbburg. This Albert was by Frederick created landgrave of Tipper Alsace, and received the countship of the district of Zurich and the protectorship of the monasteries of Seckingen and Murbach; and on the extinction of the house of Zahringen he also succeeded to a considerable portion of their terri tories. Albert died in 1199, and was succeeded by his son Rudolf the Old, who, as a reward for placing a large sum of money at the disposal of Frederick II., received from him the countship of Aargau. He held an influential position among the Swabian nobility, and so increased his possessions that they included the territories of the bishops of Strasburg, Constance, Basel, Coire, Ghent, and Lausanne, and of the abbot of St Gall, in addition to which he also obtained the countship of Frickgau. Rudolf xeft behind him two sons, Albert the Wise and Rudolf II., who shared the possessions between them, and founded respectively the lines of Hapsburg-Hapsburg and Haps burg Laufenburg, Albert, besides the castle of Hapsburg, holding the lands in Aargau and Alsace, and Rudolf the countships of Klettgau, Rheinfeld, and Laufenburg, and the possessions in Breisgau. The Laufenburg line also divided into two branches, the former of which became extinct in 1408 and the latter in 1415. Laufenburg thereupon fell to Austria, and Klettgau, through the marriage of the female heiress of the line, to the counts gutz, from whom it passed by marriage in 1687 to the house of Schwarzenberg. Albert the Wise of Hapsburg- Hapsburg was marrisd to the countess of Kyburg, who was descended from the dukes of Zahringen, and related to the emperor Frederick II. From this union there was born on the 1st May 1218, Rudolf, the founder of the royal dynasty of Hapsburg. He was elected king of Germany in 1273, and after the defeat and death of Ottocar, king of Bohemia, in 1278, at March f eld on the Danube, he annexed to his possessions Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. On the death of Rudolf in 1291 Adolf, count of Nassau, was elected his successor to the German crown, but although on the death of Adolf it again reverted to the Hapsbuig line in the person of Albert I., it passed on his death to Henry, count of Luxembourg, and with the exception of the doubtful period when Frederick, eldest son of Albert, and Lewis, duke of Bavaria, divided the suffrages of the electors and were crowned, the one at Bonn and the other at Aix-la-Chapelle, the Hapsburg line remained excluded from its possession till the time of Albert II., who succeeded Sigismund as king of Bohemia and Hungary in 1437, and was chosen emperor of the Romans in 1438. The greater part of the original lands of the house were gradually lost by the victories of the Eidgenossen, who finally in 1474 obtained Aargau, in which the castle of Habsburg was situated. Philip, son of Maximilian I. and of Donna Juana of Spain, ascended the Spanish throne in May 1506, and on his death in September of the same year, he was succeeded by Charles I., who was chosen emperor in 1519, and was thenceforth known as Charles V. In 1521 Charles granted his Austrian possessions to Ferdinand I., who became the head of the Austrian dynasty. The Spanish branch became extinct in 1700 with the death of King Charles II., and the male line of the Austrian branch became extinct with the death of the emperor Charles YI. in 1740; but the Austrian house was continued in the female line by Maria Theresa, who by her marriage with
Francis of Lotharingia, chosen emperor in 1745, founded