The enumeration of 1868, which extended over an area of 3000 square miles (including the feudal territory of Tanawal), showed a population of 367,218 (males, 191,423 ; females, 175,795). The Iahometans numbered 346,112; Hindus, 18,563; Sikhs, 973; ‘* others,” 1570. The gross revenue in 1875-76 was £25,292. In the same year the police force numbered 510 men, besides 390 village watchmen ; and there were 24 schools with 1042 pupils. The principal crops consist of wheat, barley, oil-seeds, maize, rice, pulses, millets, and cotton. Out of a cultivated area of 393,918 acres, 36,380 are artificially irrigated by means of wells and embankments on the rivers and hill torrents. Hazara has not suffered from any calamity since the famine of 1783, which affected it as well as the rest of Upper India. The chief imports are English cloth, salt, indigo; and the exports ghf, mustard oil, barley, wheat, rice, and live stock. In 1875-76 there were 676 miles of unmetalled roads within the district. The average rainfall for the eight years ending 1873-74 amounted to 47 inches. The station of Abbottabad is the headquarters of the Punjab fronticr force.
History.—The name Hazara probably belonged originally to a Turki family which entered India with Timur in the 14th century, and subsequently scttled in this remote region. During the prosperous period of the Mughal dynasty, the population included a number of mixed tribes, which cach began to assert its independence, so that the utmost anarchy prevailed until the time when Hazara attracted the attention of the rising Sikh monarchy. Ranjit Sinh first obtained a footing in the district in 1818, and, after eight years of constant aggression, hecame master of the whole country. During the minority of the young Maharaja Dhulip Sinh, the Sikh capital fell into a state of complete disorganization; the people seized the opportunity for recovering their independence, and rose in 1845 in rebellion. They stormed the Sikh forts, laid siege to Haripur, and drove the governor across the borders. In the following year the greater part of the district was included in the territory ceded to Raja Ghulab Sinh by the British, at the conclusion of the first Sikh war. On the outbreak of the second Sikh war the troops in garrison revolted, but the Mussulman inhabitants supported Lieu- tenant Abbott under the Lahore Government, and the insurrection was soon queHed. Since then Hazira has passed under direct British rule, and has enjoyed for morc than quarter of a century uninterrupted peace.
HAZARAS. See Afghanistan.
HAZARD, a game played with dice. The player or “ caster” calls a “main” (that is, any number from five to nine inclusive). He then throws with two dice. If he “ throws in,” or “nicks,” he wins the sum played for from the banker or “setter.” Five is a nick to five, six and twelve are nicks to six, seven and eleven to seven, eight and twelve to eight, and nine to nine, If the caster “throws out” by throwing aces, or deuce, ace (called crabs), he loses. When the main is five or nine the caster throws out with eleven or twelve; when the main is six or eight he throws out with eleven; when the main is seven he throws out with twelve. If the caster neither nicks nor throws out, the number thrown is his “ chance,” and he keeps on throwing till either the chance comes up, when he wins, or till the main comes up, when he loses. When a chance is thrown, the “‘odds” for or against the chance are laid by the setter to the amount of the original stake.
Suppose, for example, 7 is the main. If the caster throws 7 or 11 he wins; if he throws aces, crabs, or 12 he loses. If he throws any other number, that is his chance. Say 7 is the main and 4 the chance, the odds against the caster arc now 2 to 1 (as will appear from the table below). Hf the stake were £1, tho setter would lay £2 to £1 in addition. The caster goes on throw- ing till either 7 or 4 appears, when he loses £2 or wins £3.
In laying the odds, the setter gains no advantage, as can easily he shown, examining the various ways in which two dice can be thrown,
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in all 36 ways. The table shows that there are six ways in which
7 can be thrown, three ways in which 4 b 1 odds are 6 to 8, or 2 to 1. 7 can be thrown. Hence the
But there is always an advantage in favour of the setter on the stake first playod for. The least disadvantageous main for the caster to call ts 7.
Take the case in which 7 is the main and £18 (to avoid fractions) the caster’s stake, and £36 therefore the sum played for. Then (1) if 7 or 11 is thrown the caster wins. There are eight ways out of 36 in his favour; therefore his expectation on nicking is 8,ths of £18=£8. (2) If the chance is 6, in order to win he must throw 6 before he throws 7. There are five ways of throwing 6, and six ways of throwing 7. His expectation on 6 is therefore .§;ths of aths of £36=£2, 5s. 54d. (3) The expectation on a chance of 8 is the same as on 6, viz., £2, 5s. 54d. (4 and 5) If the chance is 9 or 5 the expectation is #ths of 3d of £36=£1, 12s. (twice). (6 and 7) If the chance is 10 or 4 the expectation is #;ths of 4d of £836=£1 (twice). The total expectation of the caster is all the separate expectations added together, viz., £17, 14s. 1ld. If his expectation were equal to the setter’s, it should amount to £18. Therefore the easter’s expectation is 5s. 1d. less than it would be if the prob- abilities of his winning or losing were equaL This makes his disadvantage when 7 is the main equal to 34d. and half a farthing in the pound.
The calculations applied to the main of 7 can easily be made use of for any other main, when it will be found that the caster’s expectation of loss when 5 or 9 is the main is 33d. and halfa farthing in the pound, and when 6 or 8 is the main 54d. and nearly half a farthing in the pound,
HAZÁRIBÁGH, a British district in the lieutenant- governorship of Bengal, India, lying between 23° 25’ and 24° 48’ N. lat., and between 84° 29’ and 86° 38’ E. Jong. It is bounded on the N. by the districts of Gayé and Monghyr, on the E. by the Santal Parganas and Manbhum districts, on the 8. by Lohardaga, and on the W. by Lohardaga and Gaya; it forms the north-east portion of the Chutia Nagpur division, and has an area of 020 square miles.
The physical formation of Hazaribagh exhibits three dis- tinct features—(1) a high central plateau occupying the western section, the surface of which is undulating and cultivated; (2) a lower and more extensive plateau stretch- ing along the north and eastern portions; to the north, the land is well cultivated, while to the east the country is of a more varied character, the elevation is lower, and the character of a plateau is gradually lost ; (3) the cen- tral valley of the Damodar river occupying the entire southern section. Indeed, although the characteristics of the district are rock, hill, and wide-spreading jungle, fine patches of cultivation are met with in all parts, and the scenery is generally pleasing and often picturesque. The district forms a part of the chain of high land which ex- tends across the continent of India, south of the Nerbudca on the west, and south of the Sdn river on the east. The most important river of Hazaribagh is the Damodar, with its many tributaries, which drains an area of 24S0 square miles. The only other river of any importance is the Barakhar. The jungle gives shelter to wild animals of all sorts. Game birds are plentiful.
The census of 1872 showed a population of 771,875 (males, 397,045; females, 374,830). Belonging to aboriginal tribes there are 57,120; semi-Hinduized aborigines, 216,712; Hindus, 421,622 ; persons of Hindu origin not recognizing caste, 2664 ; Mahometans, 72,388 ; non-Asiatics, 1362 ; and mixed races, 57. Three niunici- palities contain more than 5000 inhabitants :—Hazaribdgh, 11,050; Iehak, 8999; and Chatra, 8818. The only place of special interest is Parasnath Hill, a celebrated place of pilgrimage, which is annu- ally visited by large numbers of Jain worshippers. The revenve in 1870 amounted to £32,841, and the expenditure to £31,367. The regular police foree (1872) numbered 557 men of all ranks; municipal force, 65 ; and rural police, 3834 men ; maintained at a total cost of £15,763. There were, in 1873, 86 schools with 218§3 pupils. Rice is the staple erop, and the three principal kinds are grown. Among the other crops are wheat, barley, Indian corn, the usual pulses and green crops of Bengal, jute, flax, aloes, sugar- cane, opium, cotton, &c. The trade is concentrated at Chatra, the great central market. The chief exports are lac, metal cooking utensils, ghé, iron, and cattle ; and the imports, rice, salt, cattle, and tobaeco. There are 400 miles of road. Six ecal-fields are known to exist in the district,—the most important being that of Karharbari, which is eapable of supplying 2f0,000 tons a year for 300 years. In 1877 there were three tea plantations containing mature plants, and one on Parasnath Hill which promises well. The average mean temperature for 1874 was 74° F.; the averaga
