Saxon kings attended. The castle was erected about 905 by Edward the Elder, who at the same time rebuilt the town, which had in all probability been devastated by the Danes. Its custody and the government of the town were given by William the Conqueror to Peter de Valoignes. Subsequently it was surrendered to the crown. In the reign of John it was captured by the revolted barons headed by the dauphin of France. By Edward IIL. the castle was made the occasional prison of John II. king of Franee anl David king of Scotland. Hertford is recorded asa borough in Domesday. It received its first charter from Queen Mary in 1554, and this was renewed and modified by Elizabeth, and confirmed and extended by James I. and Charles If. The borough sent two members to parliamcnt from the reign of Edward I. to the 50th of Edward III., when the privilege was suspended until the reign of James I. Since the Reform Act of 1867 it has returned only one member.
HERTZ, Henrik (1798–1870), Danish poet, was born of Jewish parents in Copenhagen, August 25,1798. At that date it was unusual for Jews to enjoy a professional education, but young Hertz showed such marked literary bias that in 1817 he was sent to the university. His father having died in his infancy, and the family property having been destroyed in the bombardment of 1807, the boy was brought up by his relative, M. L. Nathanson, for many years elitor of the principal Danish newspaper. Young Hertz was destined for the law, and passed his juridical examination in 1825. But his taste was all for polite literature, and in 1827 he came forward as a dramatic author by the publication of two plays, Herr Burchardt and his Family and Love and Policy ; the latter enjoyed considerable success on the stage. In 1828 followed the comedy of Flyttedagen, which occupied itself with the humours of moving house on quarter-day. In 1830 he brought out what was a complete novelty in Danish litera- ture, a drama in rhymed verse, Amor’s Strokes of Genius, In the same year Hertz published anonymously Gjeaganger- brevene, or Letters from a Ghost, which be pretended were written by Biggeser, who had died in 1826, and which were full of satirical humour and fine critical insight. The success of this book was overwhelming ; Copenhagen talked of nothing else for a whole season; but Hertz preserved his anonymity, and the secret was not known until many years later. In 1832 he published adidactic poem, Nature and Art, and Four Poetical Epistles. A Day on the Island of Als was his next comedy, followed in 1835 by The Only fault, Hertz passed through Germany and Switzerland into Italy in 1833; he spent the winter there, and returned the following autumn through France to Denmark. In 1836 his comedy of Zhe Savings Bank enjoyed a great success. But it was not till 1837 that he developed his most important talent by writing the romantic drama of Svent Dyring’s House, a beautiful and original piece, which still holds the stage. His historical tragedy Valdemar Atterdug was not so well received in 1839; but in 1845 he achieved an immense success with his lyrical drama King René’s Daughter, which has been translated into almost every Europein language, and successfully acted all over the civilized world. To this succeeded the tragedy of Nion in 1848, the romantic comedy of Zonietta in 1849, A Sacrifice in 1853, The Youngest in 1854. His lyrical poems appeared in successive collections, dated 1832, 1840, and 1844. From 1858 to 1859 he edited a very interest- ing literary journal entitle1 Weekly Leaves. He died in 1870. Hertz is one of the first of Danish lyrical poets. His poems are full of colour and passion, his versification has more witchcraft in it than any other poet’s of his age, and his style is grace itself. He has all the sensuous fire of Keats without his proclivity to the antique As a romantic dramatist he is scarcely less original. He has bequeathed to the Danish theatre, in Svend Dyring’s House and King René’s Daughter, two pieces which have survived the vicissitudes of forty years, and which are as popular as ever. He is a troubadour by instinct; he has little or nothing of Scandinavian local colouring, and succeeds best when he is describing the scenery or the emotions of the glowing south.
HERTZEN, Alexander (1812–1870), was born at Moscow in 1812, a very short time before the occupation of that city by the French. His father, Ivan Yakovlef, after a personal interview with Napoleon, was allowed to leave, when the invaders arrived, as the bearer of a letter from the French to the Russian emperor. His family attended him to the Russian lines. Then the mother of the infant Alexander (a young German Protestant of Jewish extraction from Stuttgart, according to A. von Wurzbach), only seventeen years old, and quite unable to speak Russian, was forced to seek shelter for some time in a peasant’s hut. A year later the family returned to Moscow, where Hertzen passed his youth,—remaining there, after completing his studies at the university, till 1834, when he was arrested and tried on a charge of having assisted, with some other youths, at a festival during which verses by Sokolovsky, of a nature uncomplimentary to the emperor, weresung. The special commission appointed to try the youthful culprits found him guilty, and in 1835 he was banished to Viatka. There he remained till the visit to that city of the hereditary grand-duke (afterwards Alexander IT.), accompanied by the poet Joukofsky, led to his being allowed to quit Viatka for Vladimir, wher2 he was appointed editor of the official gazette of that city. In 1840 he obtained a post in the ministry of the interior at St Petersburg; but in conse- quence of having spoken too frankly about a death due to a police officer’s vivlence, he was sent to Novgorod, where he led an official life, with the title of ‘‘state councillor,” till 1842. In 1846 his father died, leaving him by his will a very large property. Early in 1847 he left Ivussia, never toreturn, From Italy, on hearing of the revolution of 1848, he hastened to Paris, whence he afterwards went to Switzerland. In 1852 he quitted Geneva for London, where he settled for some years. In 1864 he returned to Geneva, and after some time went to Paris, where he died, January 21, 1870.
