greater number merely act as middle-men between the culti vators and the large merchants. The municipal committee have opened a large gravelled market-place and storage- yard, with raised platforms, and scales for weighing the cotton. The place consists of Old and New Hinganghat, the former, a straggling town, liable to be flooded by the river Wand ; the latter, in which the better classes reside,
laid out in broad streets and avenues.HINOJOSA DEL DUQUE, a town of Spain, in the province of Cordova, from which city it is distant about 58 miles N. by W. The manufacture of linens and woollens is carried on to some extent; the population is estimated at about 8500.
HINTON, James (1822–1875), aural surgeon and author, son of John Howard Hinton, Baptist minister and author of the History and Topography of the United States and other works, was born at Reading in 1822. He was edu cated at his grandfather s school near Oxford, and at the Nonconformist school at Harpenden, and in 1838, on his father s removal to London, was apprenticed to a woollen- draper in "Whitechapel, where he came into contact with a phase of human life in its miserable and degraded forms which influenced powerfully the whole cast of his after thought. After retaining this situation about a year he became clerk in an insurance office. The most of his evenings were spent by him in intense study, and this, joined to the ardour, amounting to morbidness, of his interest in moral problems, so affected his health that in his nineteenth year he resolved to seek refuge from his own thoughts by running away to sea. His intention having, however, been discovered, he was sent, on the advice of the physician who was consulted regarding his health, to St Bartholomew s Hospital to study for the medical profession. After receiving his diploma in 1847, he was for some time assistant surgeon at Newport, Essex, but the same year he went out to Sierra Leone to take medical charge of the free labourers on their voyage thence to Jamaica, after which his interest in their welfare prompted him to remain a year on the island. After his return to England in 1850, he entered into partnership with a surgeon in London, where he soon had his interest awakened specially in aural surgery, and gave also much of his attention to physiology and to problems bearing on the relation between mind and body. In his practice he became convinced that in the immense majority of cases of ill-health it was the hope of cure rather than the drug that effected the remedy, a fact which explained to him much of the success of homoeo pathy, and induced him to lay the principal stress on moral methods of cure. He made his first appearance as an author in 1856 by contributing a series of papers on physio logical and ethical subjects to the Christian Spectator and the success of his work Man and his Dwelling Place, which appeared in 1858, determined him, notwithstanding that he had married in 1852, to give up his medical practice in order to devote his whole attention to writing on those practical moral problems which chiefly occupied his thoughts. A series of papers entitled " Physiological Riddles," which he contributed to the Cornhill Magazine, and afterwards published under the title Life in Nature, as well as another series entitled Thoughts on Health, written for the same periodical and collected and published separately in 1871, gave evidence of great aptitude in popular scientific exposition ; but his interest in speculation was too absorbing to permit him to apply himself with sufficient pertinacity to literary work, and after a year s trial of it he found it necessary to resume his profession. In 1863 he obtained the appointment of aural surgeon to Guy s Hospital, after which he speedily acquired a lucrative west-end practice, and the reputation of being the most skilful aural surgeon of his day, a reputation fully borne out by his works, An Atlas of Diseases of the Membrana Tympani and Questions of Aural Surgery, which are regarded as the chief authorities in this branch of surgery. The skill he had now obtained in his profession seemed to justify him in 1869 in resuming his philosophical studies, but the mental excitement thus produced, added to his pro fessional labours, appears to have inflicted permanent injury on his brain; and, although by giving up his practice in 1874 he obtained partial relief, he began to suffer from sleeplessness and depression, and died of acute inflamma tion of the brain, IGth December 1875.
In addition to the works already mentioned, Hinton was the author of the Mystery of Man, and The Place of the Physician. On account of their fresh and vigorous discussion of many of the important moral and social problems of the time, his writings have had a wide circulation on both sides of the Atlantic. He contributed also several papers to the Contemporary Review and other periodicals. His Life and Letters, edited by Ellice Hopkins, with an introduction by Sir W. "W. Gull, appeared in 1878.
HIOGO, or Fiogo, a seaport town of Japan, in the island of Nipon and province of Setsu, on the western shore of the Idzumi Sea, or Bay of Osaka, about 40 miles S.W. of Kioto, with which it has had railway communication since 1874. It was opened to foreign commerce in 1860, and since that date it has risen with the maritime suburb of Kobe (the Gate of God) to be a place of 50,000, or according to other authorities, 80,000 or 90,000 inhabi tants. Its harbour, formerly dangerous, has by the con struction of a costly breakwater been rendered one of the most serviceable in the kingdom. The best anchorage is found in front of Kobe, which has been chosen as the locale of the foreign settlement. Since the opening of the port great improvements have been effected in the native town, and the value of land and house property has greatly in creased. The settlement, which consists of 162 lots, has been regularly laid out ; its streets are macadamized and lighted with gas ; and it possesses a bank, municipal build ings, and the largest warehouses yet erected by foreigners on Japanese soil. There is a recreation ground open to both natives and foreigners, with a cricket field and a croquet lawn. The population of the settlement was 169 in 1876 ; that of Kobe in 1874 was upwards of 8500. The trade of Hiogo consists mainly in the exportation of tea (1,599,199 dollars in 1877), silk, copper, camphor, wax, tobacco, ginseng, isinglass, and dried fish, and the importa tion of European manufactured goods woollens, cotton, glass, &c. Most of the tea goes to New York, very little to London. The total value of the imports in 1874, 1875, 1876, and 1877 was respectively 6,030,239, 5,354,917, 3,748,967, and 4,313,641 dollars (the dollar being worth about 4s.), and the corresponding figures for the exports were 4,956,724, 2,813,102, 3,401,230, and 4,518,570. The industrial establishments comprise a shipbuilding yard, an iron-foundry, and a factory for the manufacture of paper pulp or "half stuff." There is a busy traffic main tained by ferry steamers between Hiogo and Osaka. The number of foreign ships that entered and cleared from the port in 1875 was 335, with a burden of 453,958 tons.
Hiogo was built in the days of the glory of the Taira family, and its name is equivalent to arsenal. At Minato Gawai near Kobe a small temple marks the spot where Kusunoki Masashige, the mirror of Japanese loyalty, met his death ; and in Kobe itself there is a temple erected on the site of the ancient fane built by Jingu Kogo on her return from Corea.
was born at Nicsea in Bithynia. The years of his birth and death are both unknown, but the period of his activity, according to the evidence of his observations, which have been preserved by Ptolemy, must have been between 160 and 125 b.c. Of his writings only one has come down to us, To>v ApaTov /cat EvSo^ou <^atvo/xeVa)j/ l^rjy^crewv fiifiXia
published by Vittorius at Florence, 1567, and by