73,753 in 1885, the decrease having taken place since 1882, the areas in the previous years having been remarkably uniform. The area under wheat decreased from 13,423 acres in 1882 to 5474 in 1885, and that of oats from 57,332 to 50,196. But the area under barley, for which distillation causes a steady demand, rose from 13,551 acres in 1876 to 17,998 in 1885. The area under green crops manifests also a tendency to decrease; the total area in 1885 was 58,833 acres, 33,042 being under potatoes, 19,196 turnips, 2096 mangolds and beetroot, and 4499 other green crops. The area under meadow and clover has been steadily increasing, being 114,149 in 1876 and 127,478 in 1885. The total number of horses in 1885 was 27,365, of which 17,173 were used for agriculture; the number of cattle 254,488, of which 80,508 were milch cows, the manufacture of butter occupying considerable attention; of sheep 203,798, pigs 80,475, goats 13,011, and poultry 681,239. According to the latest landowners Return (1876), the county was divided among 237*2 proprietors owning 1,042,457 acres of an annual value of 676,683, the average value of the land being nearly 13s. per acre. The following possessed upwards of 10,000 acres each: Viscount Lismore, 34,945; Lord Dunalley, 21,081; G. K. S. M. Dawson, 19,093; Lady Margaret Charteris, 16,617; marquis of Ormonde, 15,765; Viscount Hawarden, 15,272; N. Buckley, 13,260; earl of Clonmel, 11,098; and A. Moore, 10,200.
Manufactures.—A few persons are employed in mining, but the occupation of the inhabitants is chiefly agricultural. There are a considerable number of meal and flour mills.
Railways.—The county is remarkably well supplied with railways. A branch of the Great Southern and Western runs from Roscrea to Nenagh, where it joins a branch of the Limerick and Waterford, which in its progress south-eastwards from Limerick crosses the southern corner of the county by Limerick Junction, Tipperary, Caher, and Clonmel. The main line of the Great Southern and Western to Cork and Killarney crosses the centre of the county by Templemore, Thurles, and Limerick Junction. A branch of the Limerick and Waterford connects Thurles with Clonmel.
Administration and Population.—Tipperary is divided into a north and south riding, each consisting of six baronies. For parliamentary purposes it is separated into four divisions East, Mid, North, and South each returning one member. It contains 193 parishes and 3253 town lands. It is in the Leinster circuit. Assizes for the north riding are held in Nenagh and for the south riding in Clonmel. Quarter sessions are held at Cashel, Clonmel, Nenagh, Roscrea, Thurles, and Tipperary. There are twenty-four petty sessions districts and parts of six others. The county is within the Cork military district. Ecclesiastically it belongs to the dioceses of Cashel, Emly, Killaloe, and Lismore. Since 1841 the population has decreased more than one-half. From 435,553 in that year it fell to 216,718 in 1871 and to 199,612 in 1881. The following towns in 1881 possessed over 4000 inhabitants each, viz. Clonmel (partly in Waterford), 9325; Tipperary, 7274; Carrick-on-Suir (partly in Waterford), 6583; Nenagh, 5422; and Thurles, 4850. The number of persons who could read and write was 115,185, who could read only, 24,386; the remainder 60,041 were unable to read or write. There were 248 persons who spoke Irish only and 23,558 able to speak Irish as well as English.
History and Antiquities.—Anciently Tipperary was included in the territory of the Tuatha De Danaun, and afterwards probably of the clan of Degaid. Henry II., who landed at Waterford in October 1172, received at Cashel the homage of Donald O Brien, king of Thomond. It was made a county by King John in 1210; in 1328 Edward III. made it a county palatine in favour of the earl of Ormonde; and, though the king shortly afterwards resumed his regal prerogative, the county was regranted in 1337. In 1372 the grant was confirmed to James, second earl of Ormonde, the lands belonging to the church retaining, however, a separate jurisdiction, a division which continued till the Restoration. In 1617 James I. took the county palatine into his own hands. It was, however, restored in 1661 to James, twelfth earl and first duke, whose regalities were further made to include the portions of the county formerly under ecclesiastical jurisdiction. On the attainder of James, second duke, in 1715 the jurisdiction reverted to the crown. There are two round towers within the county, one at Roscrea and the other on the rock of Cashel. Of the old castles there are few important examples. That built by the first earl of Ormonde at Thurles has now disappeared. On the rock of Cashel there are a massive guard tower and some remains of the ancient wall. The stronghold of Caher, now occupied as a barrack, is still in good preservation. At Roscrea one of the towers of the castle built by King John still remains, and the stronghold of the Ormondes, erected in the reign of Henry VIII., forms the depot attached to the barracks. The ecclesiastical ruins on the rock of Cashel are among the most remarkable in Ireland. They consist of a cathedral in the Pointed style of the 13th century, partly destroyed by fire in 1495; a curious Saxon chapel, ascribed to Cormac MacCullinan, archbishop of Cashel (b. 831); the bishop's palace; the "vicar's choral-house," all on the summit of the rock; and Hore abbey at its foot, founded for Benedictines in 1272. The abbey of Holy Cross was founded in 1182 for Cistercian monks, and is one of the finest monastic ruins in Ireland. The relic of the true cross, from which the abbey takes its name, is in possession of the Catholic hierarchy of the district. The other principal ecclesiastical ruins are the priory of Athassel, founded for Augustinian monks about 1200; Fethard abbey, founded in the 14th century, now used as a chapel; the gable and porch of the abbey of Roscrea, founded by St Cronan in the 7th century; and a portion of the Franciscan friary founded in the same town in 1490.
TIPPERARY, a market town in the above county, is beautifully situated near the base of the Slieve-na-rnuck or Tipperary Hills, a branch of the Galtee range, on the Waterford and Limerick Railway, 3 miles south-east of Limerick junction and 110 south-west of Dublin. It contains a handsome Protestant church, a Catholic chapel, an endowed grammar-school, a town-hall, and a new corn and butter market. Owing to its situation in the centre of a fine agricultural district, it enjoys considerable prosperity, and its butter market ranks next to that of Cork. The town is of great antiquity, but first acquired importance by the erection of a castle by King John, of which there are now no remains. A monastery founded for Augustinians by Henry III., which has also disappeared, gave a second impulse to its growth. Formerly it was a corporation from a grant made in 1310 by Edward II., but is now governed by commissioners under provision of the Town Improvement Act of 1854. The population in 1871 was 6638, and in 1881 it was 7274.
TIPPOO SAHIB (1749-1799), sultan of Mysore, was the son of Hyder Ali (q.v.), and was born in 1749. He received a careful Mohammedan education, and was in structed in military tactics by the French officers in the employment of his father. In 1767 in the invasion of the Carnatic he commanded a corps of cavalry, and he subsequently distinguished himself in the Mahratta War of 1775-79. On the outbreak of the first Mysore War in 1780 he was put at the head of a large body of troops, with which he achieved several successes; in particular he entirely defeated Brathwaite on the banks of the Colerun in February 1782. He succeeded his father in December 1782, and in 1784 concluded a treaty of peace with the English. In the same year he assumed the title of sultan. In 1787-88 he subjugated the Nairs of Malabar, and in 1789 provoked English invasion by ravaging the territories of the rajah of Travancore. When the English entered Mysore in 1790, he retaliated by a counter-invasion, but he was ultimately compelled by Cornwallis's victory at Arikera, near Seringapatam, to purchase peace by the cession of the half of his dominions (16th March 1792). The English having deemed it necessary to renew hostilities in March 1799, he was in less than two months shut up in Seringapatam and accidentally killed during the siege (4th May 1799). See INDIA, vol. xii. pp. 803-4.
