tion, and the rest uncultivable waste. Population in 18/2, 793,699, 90 per cent, being Hindus, 10 per cent. Mahometans, and Chris tians, &e., numbering 345. Principal crops wheat, barley, pulse of various kinds, millet, maize, oil-seeds, tobacco, safflower, opium, sugar-cane, and castor-oil seed. Manufactures sugar, opium, indigo, cotton cloth, coarse woollens, silk, and leather. Principal roads (1), From Calcutta to Benares, and thence towards Alla habad ; (2), a continuation of the Calcutta road through the town of Benares to the Sikrol cantonment, and thence towards Jaunpur ; (3), from Ghazipurto Mirzapur by Sikrol; and (4), from Benares city to Chanar. The East Indian Hallway passes through the district, and the Ganges is navigable all the year round. Gross revenue in 1370-71, 140,617, of which 89,286, or 63 per cent, was derived from land. In 1372-73 the district contained 542 schools, attended by 12,782 pupils. Only two towns in the district contain above 5000 inhabitants, viz., Benares and Ramnagar. The climate of Benares is cool in winter, but very warm in the hot season. Mean temperature in 1872, 77 6 C> Fahr. ; average annual rainfall for the nine years ending 1872, 34 03 inches.
From a very remote period Benares formed the seat of a Hindu kingdom, said to have been founded by one Kasi Raja, 1200 years B.C. Subsequently it became part of the kingdom of Kanauj, which in 1193 A.D. was conquered by Muhammad of Ghor. On the downfall of the Pathdn dynasty of Dehli, about 1599, it was incorporated with the Mughul empire. On the dismemberment of the Dehli empire it was seized by Safdar Jang, the Nawab Yazir of Oudh, by whose grandson it was ceded to the East India Company by the treaty of 1775. The subsequent history of Benares contains two important events, the rebellion of Chait Sinh, occasioned by the unjust demands of Warren Hastings for money to carry on the Marhatta war ; and the mutiny of the Native regiments in 1857, on which occasion the energy and coolness of the European officials (chiefly of General Neill) carried the district successfully through the storm.
Benares, the most populous city in the North-Western Provinces, and the headquarters of the commissioner of the division, is situated on the north bank of the Ganges, in 25 7 N. lat. and 83 4 E. long. According to the census of 1872, the population amounted to 175,188, viz., 89,763 males, and 85,425 females, 133,549, or 76 23 per cent, being Hindus; 41,374, or 23 77 per cent., Mahometans; others, 265. Gross municipal income in 1871, 16,069; expenditure, 14,331; average rate of municipal taxation, Is. lOd. per head.
The town of Benares the religious centre of Hinduism is one of the most ancient cities on the globe. The Rev. Mr S herring, in his Sacred City of the Hindus (1868), states " Twenty-five centuries ago, at the least, it was famous. When Babylon was struggling with Nineveh for supremacy, when Tyre was planting her colonies, when Athens was growing in strength, before Rome had become known, or Greece had contended with Persia, or Cyrus had added lustre to the Persian monarchy, or Nebuchadnezzar had captured Jerusalem and the inhabitants of Judea had been carried into captivity, she had already risen to greatness, if not to glory. Nay, she may have heard of the fame of Solomon, and have sent her ivory, her apes, and her peacocks to adorn his palaces ; while partly with her gold he may have overlaid the temple of the Lord." Hiouen Thsang, the celebrated Chinese pilgrim, visited Benares in the 7th century A.D., and described it as containing thirty Buddhist monasteries, with about 3000 monks, and about a hundred temples of Hindu gods. Even after the lapse of so great a time the city is still in its glory, and as seen 5rom the river it presents a scene of great picturesqueness and grandeur. The Ganges here forms a fine sweep of about 4 miles in length, the city being situated on the outside of the curve, on the northern bank of the river, which is the most elevated. It is about 3 miles in length, by 1 in breadth, rising from the river in the form of an amphitheatre, and is thickly studded with domes and minarets. The bank of the river is entirely lined with stone, and there are many very fine ykdts or landing-places built by pious devotees, and highly ornamented. These are generally crowded with bathers and worshippers. Shrines and temples line the bank. The internal streets are so winding and narrow that there is not room for a carriage to pass, and it is difficult to penetrate them even on horseback. Their level is considerably lower than the ground-floors of the houses, which have generally arched rows in front, with little shops behind them ; and above these they are richly embellished with verandahs, galleries, projecting oriel windows, and very broad over hanging eaves supported by carved brackets. The houses are built of Chanar stone, and are lofty none being less than two stories high, most of them three, and several of five or six stories. The Hindus are fond of painting the outside of their houses a deep red colour, and of covering the most conspicuous parts with pictures of flowers, men, women, bulls, elephants, and gods and goddesses in all the multiform shapes known in Hindu mythology. The number of temples is very great ; they are mostly small, and are placed in the angles of the streets, under the shadow of the lofty houses. Their forms are not ungraceful, and many of them are covered over with beautiful and elaborate carvings of flowers, animals, and palm branches, rivalling in richness and minuteness the finest specimens of Gothic or of Grecian architecture.
Benares, having from time immemorial been a holy city, contains a vast number of Brahmans, who either subsist by charitable contributions, or are supported by endowments in the numerous religious institutions of the city. Hindu religious mendicants, with every conceivable bodily deformity, literally line the principal streets on both sides. Some have their legs or arms distorted by long continuance in one position ; others have kept their hands clenched until the finger nails have pierced entirely through their hands. But besides an immense resort to Benares of poor pilgrims from every part of India, as well as from Thibet and Burmah, numbers of rich Hindus, in the decline of life, retire thither to pass the remainder of their days, or temporarily to wash awa} their sins in the sacred water of the Ganges. These devotees lavish large sums in indis criminate charity, and it is the hope of sharing in such pious distributions that brings together the concourse of religious mendicants from all quarters of the country.
wealthy city and a place of considerable trade ; the bdzars are filled with the richest goods, and there is a constant bustle of business in all the principal streets. A large trade is carried on in the sugar, saltpetre, and indigo which are produced in the district. Silk and shawls are manu factured in the city ; and Benares is especially famous for its gold embroidered cloths, called Kinkdb (Kincob), and for its gold filagree work. A large quantity of English piece goods here finds a market, being either sold for consumption in the neighbourhood, or sent to other parts of the country. The principal English institution in Benares is the Govern ment or Queen s College, as it is called, conducted by a staff of professors from England. There are two distinct and separate departments in the college Sanskrit and English. The Sanskrit college was founded by Government in 1791. There are three missions in Benares the Church of England, the London, and the Baptist Missionary Society. The mission in connection with the Church of England was established in 1 8 1 7. The mission has a church capable of holding between 300 and 400 persons, two normal schools for training Christian teachers, a large college, and several girls schools. The- mission of the London Missionary Society was inaugurated in 1821, and is situated in the
suburbs of the city. A substantial church was erected