them efficient substitutes for whalebone. The walking- stick " canes " of commerce include a great many varieties, some of which, however, are not the produce of trailing palms. The well-known Malacca canes are obtained from Calamus Scipionum, the steins of which are much stouter
than is the case with the average species of Calamus.CANEA, or Khania, the principal seaport and since 1841 the capital of Crete, is finely situated on the northern coast of the island, about 25 miles from its western extrem ity, on the isthmus of the Akrotiri peninsula, which lies between the Bay of Canea and the Bay of Suda. Its latitude is 35 31 JST., and its longitude 24 1 E. Sur rounded by a massive Venetian wall, it forms a closely- built, irregular, and overcrowded town, though of late years a few of its streets have been widened. The ordinary houses are of wood ; but the more important buildings are of more solid materials. The Turks have a number of mosques ; there are Greek churches and a Jewish synagogue ; an old Venetian structure serves as a military hospital; and the prison is of substantial construction. The town is the seat of a Greek bishop, who is suffragan to the metropoli tan at Candia ; and it is the official residence of the European consuls. The harbour, formed by an ancient transverse mole nearly 1200 feet long, and protected by a lighthouse and a fort, would admit vessels of considerable tonnage ; but it has been allowed to silt up until it shoals off from 24 feet to 10 or even 8, so that large vessels have to anchor about four or five miles out. The principal articles of trade are oil and soap, of which there were exported, in 1874, 530 tuns and 50,000 cwts. respectively. A few small ships are built in the port, and there is a pretty extensive manufacture of leather. The fosse is laid out in vegetable gardens ; public gardens have been constructed outside the walls ; and artesian wells have been bored by the Government. To the east of the town a large Arab village has grown up, inhabited for the most part by natives of Egypt and Cyrenaica, who act as boatmen, porters, and servants, and number from 2000 to 3000 ; while about a mile off on the rising ground is the village of Khalepa, where the consuls and merchants reside. The population of tho town is estimated at 12,000. Canea probably occupies the site of the ancient Cydonia, a city of very early foundation and no small importance. During the Venetian rule it was one of the strongest cities in the island, but it fell into the hands of the Turks in 1646, several years before the capture of Candia. In 1856 it suffered from an earthquake. The neighbouring plain is famous for its fruitfulness, and the quince is said to derive its name Cydonia from the town.
CANEPHORI was the title given to the girls who at Athens were annually selected from noble families to walk in the procession at the Panathenaic and apparently also at other festivals, carrying on their heads baskets containing the implements and apparatus necessary for a sacrifice. The gracefulness of the attitude which may be seen in the figures of Canephori on the frieze of the Parthenon in the British Museum, is known to have suggested itself as a subject for sculpture to Polycletus and Scopas. This type of statue also came to be used in architecture to support light entablatures, in which case they are sometimes identified with Caryatides.
CANGA-ARGUELLES, José, Spanish statesman, was born in 1770, and died in 1843. He took an active part in the Spanish resistance to Napoleon, in a civil capacity, and was an energetic member of the Cortes of 1812. On the return of the Bourbon line in 1814, Canga-Arguelles was sent into exile in the province of Valencia. On the restora tion^ in 1820 of the constitution of 1812, he was appointed minister of finance. He continued at this post till the spring of 1821, distinguishing himself by the zeal and ability with which he sought to reform the finances of Spain. It was high time ; for the annual deficit was greater than tho entire revenue itself, and landed and other property was, to an unheard-of extent, monopolized by the priests. The measures he proposed had been only partially enforced, when the action of the king with regard to the ministry, of which he was a member, obliged him to resign. There after, as a member of the Moderate Liberal party, Canga- Arguelles advocated constitutional government and financial reform, till the overthrow of the constitution in 1823, when he fled to England. He did not return to Spain till 1829, and did not again appear in public life, being appointed keeper of the archives at Simancas. He is the author of three works : Elementos de ladencia de Hacienda (Elements of the Science of Finance), London, 1825 ; Diccionario de Hacienda (Dictionary of Finance), London, 1827; and Observaciones sobre la yuerra de la Peninsula (Observations on the Peninsular War), in which he endeavoured to show that his countrymen had taken a far more effective part in the national struggle against the French than English historians were willing to admit.
CANGIAGI, or Cambiaso, Luigi (1527-1585), a dis tinguished painter, was born at Genoa in 1527, and died at the Escorial in 1585. He received his first lessons in the art of painting from his father, and completed his education at Rome, where he studied with particular care the masterpieces of Michelangelo. At a very early age he had gained a high reputation as an artist, and in 1583 he was invited to Spain by Philip II., who desired his assistance in the decoration of the Escorial. He painted the ceiling of the choir, representing the Assemblage of the Blessed. It is considered his best work. Among his other productions which were highly esteemed were the Rape of the Sabine Women, the Sleeping Cupid, and Judith. Most of his paintings are in Genoa and Spain ; the Sleeping Cupid is in the royal collection at Paris.
CANICATTI, a town of Sicily, in the province of Girgenti, which dates, it is believed, from the Saracenic occupation. It is well built and finely situated on the slope of a hill. The vine, orange, olive, and almond grow abundantly in the neighbourhood, and the inhabitants devote them selves chiefly to agricultural pursuits. Population, 20,908.
CANINA, Luigi (1793-1856), an Italian archaaologist and architect, was born at Casale in Piedmont. He became professor of architecture at Turin, and his most important works were the excavation of Tusculum in 1829, and of the Appian Way in 1848. He is the author of a great number of works on archaeology and architecture, of which several were published in a most magnificent and costly form by his patroness, the queen of Sardinia. Of these may be mentioned L Architettura Romana, 1830; L Architettura Greca, 1833 ; .Descrizicne storica del foro Romano e sue adjacenze, 1834; Descrizione dell antico Tusculo, 1841; tSull Architettura $)iu propria dei tempi cristiani, 1843.
and engraver, born at Rome in 1617. He was a pupil of Domenichino, and afterwards of Barbalunga. He painted some altarpieces at Rome, including two admired pictures for the church of San Martino a Monti, representing the Martyrdom of St Stephen and of St Bartholomew. His painting aimed at general effect, not at precision of detail. Having accompanied Cardinal Chigi to France, he was encouraged by the minister Colbert to carry into execution his project of designing, from medals, antique gems, and similar sources, a series of portraits of the most illustrious characters of antiquity, accompanied with memoirs ; but shortly after the commencement of the undertaking Canini died at Rome, in 1666. The work, however, was pro secuted by his brother Marcantonio, who, with the assist
ance of Picard and Valet, completed and published it in