ant commercial advantages. Five
railways pass through or terminate in the
city ,—including the Lake Shore and
Michigan Southern, a grand trunk line between the east and the west; a division of the Atlantic and Great Western, a leading channel of communication between the east and the south-west; and the Cleveland,
Columbus ,
Cincinnati , and
Indianapolis , a direct line to
Cincinnati and the south. Other lines afford
communication with the extensive
coal and
petroleum regions of
Pennsylvania . Cleveland is the northern terminus of the
Ohio Canal , which extends southwards to
Portsmouth on the
Ohio River . For the accommodation of
the lake commerce , a capacious
harbour has been formed at the
mouth of
Cuyahoga River by extending two
piers , 200
feet apart, 1200
feet into
the lake . The
city has an extensive
trade in
copper and
iron ore shipped from the
Lake Superior mining region, and in
coal ,
petroleum ,
wool , and
lumber , received by
railroad ,
canal , and
lake transportation. In 1873 the number of
vessels entered in the
coast -wise
trade was 3238, having an aggregate
tonnage of 1,053,232
tons ; 3204
vessels of 1,048,196
tons cleared. The foreign
commerce , which is exclusively with
Canada , is
considerable,— the
imports amounting in 1874 to
$ 449,118, and the domestic
exports to
$ 1,426,990; 316
vessels of 64,213
tons entered in this
trade , and 325 of 55,152
tons cleared. The total number of
vessels registered, enrolled, and
licensed in this district was 466, of 86,519
tons . Twenty
vessels of 11,242
tons were
built during the
year . About
$ 20,000,000 of
capital is
invested in
manufactures , the most important
industries being those of
iron and the production of
refined petroleum . There are also several
pork -packing establishments and
breweries . The
city contains six
national banks with a
capital of
$ 4,550,000, and two
savings banks . The
government of the
city is vested in a
mayor and a common
council of two members from each of the eighteen
wards . These officers are
elected by the people. The
city has an efficient
police , a paid
fire department , a board of public improvements, and a board of
health . Besides the usual
county and
municipal courts , the
United States circuit and
district courts for the northern
district of
Ohio are held here. The
city is supplied with
water obtained from
the lake by means of a
tunnel 1
1
4
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {1}{4}}}
mile long, and forced into a large
reservoir on high ground in the western part of the
city . The
streets are well
paved , are
lighted with gas , and are supplied with
sewers . The
reformatory and
charitable institutions are numerous and varied. The
house of correction and
workhouse is for the
confinement of persons
convicted of
minor offences . The
city infirmary , connected with which are a
farm and a
house of refuge for the care and
instruction of children, besides maintaining its inmates, affords relief to outdoor
poor . The
city hospital is supported by
money received from those patients who are able to pay and from private
charity . The
charity hospital is maintained partly by contributions and partly by
revenue from paying patients; connected with it is a lying-in
hospital . There are also a
homœopathic hospital founded by the Cleveland
homœopathic college , a
foundling hospital , and a
United States marine hospital , which is supported by
appropriations made by
Congress and by a
tax on
sailors . The Cleveland
Protestant orphan asylum has an endowment fund of about
$ 50,000, from the
interest of which, and by private contributions, it is maintained.
St Vincent's
orphan asylum for
males , and
St Mary's
orphan asylum for
females , are
Roman Catholic institutions, accommodating about 150 inmates each. An
orphan asylum is also maintained by the
Jews . Among other benevolent institutions are the home for the aged
poor , the home for working
women under the management of the women's
charitable association , and the Bethel home for
destitute sailors . The children's aid society, since its organization in 1857, has secured homes for nearly 1500 children, besides extending aid to more than 5000. There are three
industrial schools , maintained partly by the
city , and partly by benevolent
citizens , for the benefit of
destitute children. The total
debt of the
city in 1875 was
$ 7,397,500; and the
property taxed for
city purposes was valued at
$ 73,210,144. The public
schools in 1874 comprised 18
primary , 17
grammar , and 3
high schools , in which were enrolled, including those in the evening
schools , 19,021 pupils, with an average daily attendance of 12,085. The total number of
teachers was 261. The
expenditure for the public
schools during the
year amounted to
$ 382,921. Besides the above, there were enrolled in private and
parochial schools 8808 pupils. Cleveland has no
college or
university , but there are several excellent
seminaries ,
academies , and private
schools for the advanced
education of both
sexes .
Professional instruction is afforded by the Cleveland
medical college , the
homœopathic hospital college , and the
medical department of the
university of
Wooster (each having about fifteen
professors ), the
Ohio State and
union law school , and
St Mary's
theological seminary (
Roman Catholic ). The Cleveland
library association has about 11,000
volumes , the public
library , supported by
taxation , about 20,000, and the
law library about 2000. The Bethel free
reading-rooms are open to the public, and the western reserve
historical society has a valuable collection of
books . There are
published in the
city 51
newspapers and
periodicals ; of these 6 appear
daily , 4 thrice a
week , 18
weekly , 2
fortnightly , 11
monthly , and 1 every two
months . Of these 7 are published in the
German language , and 1 in the
Bohemian . Cleveland has about 100
churches , the following being the largest
denominations :—the
Methodist -
Episcopal 18,
Roman Catholic 15,
Protestant Episcopal 11,
Baptist 9,
Presbyterian 8, and
Congregational 4
churches .
CLEVELAND John (1613-1658), a poet and satirist,
was born at Loughborough. He was educated at Hinckley
school, whence he repaired to Cambridge, becoming in 1634
a fellow of St John s, and being appointed college-tutor
and reader in rhetoric. The Latinity and oratorical ability
displayed by him in the exercise of the latter function were
warmly praised by Fuller, who also commends the " lofty
fancy " of his verse. He was the most distinguished and
the earliest of loyal satirists. Joining the Cavaliers at
Oxford, he was warmly received by the king ; and having
lost his fellowship and his college places, he was named
judge-advocate in the garrison at Newark. The captain in
command at that fortress, however, deprived him (1646)
of this office, and he was fain to wander through the
country depending on the alms of Royalists for bread.
Arrested at Norwich, as one " whose great abilities rendered
him able to do the greater disservice," he was held in
durance of some months at Yarmouth, but was released at
last by Cromwell (who seems to have behaved admirably
towards the strolling libeller), and went to London, where
he resided till his death, in the enjoyment of much
consideration from his party. Cleveland, who was more
highly esteemed than Milton by his contemporaries, was
exceedingly popular. His serious poetry is perhaps the
most extravagantly conceited in the language ; his satires
are more deserving, the best being the Petition to the
Lord-Protector for the Scots Rebel. See Nichols, History
of Leicestershire, and Cleveland s Works, London, 1687.
CLEVES (in German
Kleve ), a town of Prussia, formerly the capital of the duchy of its own name, and now
the chief town of a circle in the government of Diisseldorf,
46 miles N.W. of Düsseldorf and 12 E. of Nimeguen. It
is a neatly-built town in the Dutch style, situated on the
declivities of three hills known as Kirchberg, Schlossberg,
and Heideberg, in a fertile district near the frontiers of
