embarrassment of his situation was aggravated by the arrival of the English army under Wellesley. With his defeat at Vimiera, 21st August, 1808, followed by the convention of Cintra, and the evacuation of Portugal by the French, Junot's star waned. Napoleon gave him in charge the siege of Saragossa, but he was soon superseded by Lannes, and returned to Paris. In 1810 he was intrusted with the command of a corps in Spain, but under the orders of Massena; and in this disastrous campaign he was severely wounded in the face by a ball. Appointed in 1812 to the command of a corps d'armée, in the war with Russia, he was virtually disgraced by an imperial bulletin, in which he was named as having displayed a want of resolution. He was now relegated to the military command of Venice, and the governor-generalship of the Illyrian provinces; but the change of climate, and the pain of the old wound in his head, were too much for his constitution; while to his physical sufferings was added the anguish of disgrace and imperial disfavour. His mind gave way. Taken to his father at Montbard, he arrived there on the 22d of July, 1813, and in a paroxysm of fever two hours afterwards he threw himself out of the window. His thigh was broken; amputation was resorted to, but he tore off the bandages, and died on the 29th of July, 1813.—F. E.
JUNOT, Laura, Duchess d'Abrantès, née Permon, wife of the preceding, the daughter of a contractor who had enriched himself by supplying provisions to the French army, was born at Montpellier in November, 1784. With her husband at Toulouse, Madame Permon is found, after the Reign of Terror, living at Paris with her two daughters, visited only by men, and allowing play at her house. Among the habitues of the Permon establishment were Napoleon Bonaparte, then in distressed circumstances, and his friend and familiar Junot. On his appointment, years afterwards, to the governorship of Paris, Junot married Mademoiselle Permon, and received with her a handsome dowry from the first consul. Fascinating and brilliant, but imprudent, extravagant, and intriguing, Madame Junot shared the fortunes of her husband until his death. After that event she held up her head for a time, and seems to have been kindly treated by Louis XVIII. Poverty, however, was the companion of her later years, and in 1831 she contented at the invitation of a bookseller to turn her reminiscences of a more brilliant period to account, by the publication of her piquant and amusing, though often untruthful memoirs. Vol. xviii. of the work appeared in 1833. She wrote a number of novels, &c., and died in great distress in 1838.—F. E.
JURIEU, Pierre, a celebrated French protestant minister and writer, was born December 24, 1637, at Mer, near Blois. He studied first at Saumur, then at Sedan, and afterwards in Holland and England. In England he took orders in the national church, but was afterwards reordained as his father's successor at Mer. Here he continued for the most part till 1674, when he was nominated professor of Hebrew and divinity at Sedan, and elected after due examination. Though of a feeble constitution, he accepted the post of pastor in addition to his professorship. In 1680 the university of Groningen invited him to become divinity professor; but he refused, and remained at Sedan till 1681, when the academy was suppressed. Among the works which he had published up to this date, were a treatise on devotion, which was very popular, and translated into English by Bishop Fleetwood; an "Apology for the Morality of the Reformed;" a treatise on the "Power of the Church;" and a preservative against a change of religion, in reply to Bossuet. On the suppression of the academy at Sedan he found it prudent to accept a divinity professorship at Rotterdam, a post to which he is said to have been called through the influence of Bayle, who afterwards wrote so violently against him. He entered Rotterdam in 1681 at the close of the year, and added to his professorship the pastorate of the Walloon church. Being now at liberty, he allowed his controversial spirit full scope, and his works appeared in rapid succession. In these he defended the protestants, and attacked the papists, jansenists included, with extraordinary vigour, but not always with good temper and moderation. He was equally ready to encounter Bossuet and Arnauld, Nicole and Maimbourg, on all sorts of subjects. In 1685 the edict of Nantes was revoked, and this event was both preceded and followed by extraordinary violence against the French protestants. Jurieu's deepest sympathies were enlisted, and in the cause of his suffering brethren he poured out a torrent of publications of the most diverse character. We may especially mention his "Pastoral Letters," which produced a profound impression, and had a marvellous success. Jurieu found himself surrounded with enemies, and attacked on all sides without pity or respect; and unfortunately for himself, he made some grave errors, including a prediction of the downfall of popery in 1689. Naturally irascible, he returned insult for insult, calumny and invective, sarcasm and violence, for their like; and yet he was feared as much as he was hated, and his influence was most powerful in favour of the refugees. Among his other labours he found time to defend our own William and Mary, to conduct a periodical publication for two years, to advocate the alliance of protestant churches, to attack Socinianism, and to apologize for his interpretation of the prophecies. A list of sixty of his works is given in the France Protestante. Some of these were reprinted in various places, and others were translated into German and English. The most important are—"History of Calvinism and Popery compared," in answer to Maimbourg, 1683; "True System of the Church, and true analysis of faith," in answer to Nicole, 1686; "Critical history of doctrine and worship, good and bad, from Adam to Christ," in which the origin of all forms of ancient idolatry is sought for in the Old Testament; "Sure and Honourable Means of Converting all Heretics," printed anonymously at Cologne. The works just named well illustrate the character and attainments of this remarkable man. Jurieu died at Rotterdam, June 11, 1713.—B. H. C.
JURIN, James, an English physicist, was born in 1680 or 1684, and died in London on the 22nd of March, 1750. He was fellow, and finally president, of the College of Physicians, and fellow and secretary of the Royal Society. He wrote "Remarks on the Functions of the Eye," which were published in Smith's treatise on Optics, Cambridge, 1738. He made some important experiments on capillary attraction and other physical subjects, which were communicated to the Royal Society between 1718 and 1746. He was the first who practised inoculation for the small-pox in England.—W. J. M. R.
JUSSIEU, Adrien de, the son of Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, was a celebrated French botanist. He was born at the Museum in Paris on the 23rd December, 1797, and died in that city on the 29th June, 1853, at the age of fifty-six. In consequence of delicate health, he was educated in the first instance at home. He afterwards carried on his studies at the Napoleon lyceum, and in 1814 he obtained the highest prize in the annual competition. He was fond of languages, and became a proficient in classics. In conformity with his father's wish he devoted himself to natural history. At the same time he studied medicine and acquired the degree of M.D., taking for the subject of his thesis the natural order Euphorbiaceæ. Botany now became his favourite study, and in 1826 he succeeded his father as professor of rural botany. He was thus a botanical demonstrator in the museum, and he took excursions with pupils in the vicinity of Paris with the view of conveying instruction in the practical department of the science. In 1831 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1845 he succeeded Auguste de St. Hilaire as professor of vegetable organography to the Scientific Faculty. He was thrice nominated director of the Museum, and on the death of Desfontaines he was chosen director of the herbarium, an office which he afterwards shared with his friend Brongniart. He was an upright and valuable citizen, and was singularly devoid of ambition. He long laboured under disease of the stomach, and in 1852 the malady assumed a more serious aspect. He continued to suffer much pain till his death. He left two daughters, but no male heirs; so that the family, which during more than a century had been the ornament of science in Paris, became extinct with him. The Museum and Institute lost one of their most illustrious members, the Society of Agriculture its chief ornament, and France a popular and distinguished name, closely connected with those of De Buffon and Cuvier. He published various memoirs on the natural orders of plants. His monograph of Malpighiaceæ proved him to possess great botanical knowledge, and to be endowed with the same clear judgment which characterized his father Antoine Laurent. Among his works may be noticed the article "Botanical Taxonomy," in the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, and his "Elementary Treatise on Botany."—J. H. B.
JUSSIEU, Antoine Laurent de, the celebrated French botanist, was born at Lyons on the 12th April, 1748, and died
