It was deemed the best treatise on astronomy, till it was superseded by the great work of Delambre. He is author of many separate works, chiefly on astronomy, and edited various works, among which were the later volumes of Montucla's History of Mathematics. Between the years 1754 and 1806 he communicated about one hundred and fifty papers to the Academy of Sciences, most of which have been published in the Memoirs of the Institute. He died at Paris on the 4th April, 1807, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. Lalande was admitted a pensioner in the Academy of Sciences in 1772, and he was a member of almost all the leading academies and societies in Europe. He founded a medal, which is awarded annually by the Academy of Sciences to the author of the best astronomical memoir or the most curious observation made during the year. An account of the writings and character of Lalande will be found in M. Delainbre's Eloge, published in tom. x. of the Memoirs of the French Institute.—D. B.
LALLEMAND, Charles François Antoine, Baron, a French general, born at Metz, 23rd June, 1774; died at Paris, 9th March, 1839. He served on the Rhine in 1793, and afterwards in Egypt; was sent on a mission to St. Domingo in 1802; returned to Europe, served in the Austrian campaign, and was made general after the battle of Jena. On the fall of Napoleon he went to Persia; but finding no employment, tried Egypt, then went to America, and with some hundreds of his countrymen, commenced a colony in Texas. He then went to Louisiana and rented a plantation. Napoleon bequeathed a hundred thousand francs to him. He returned to France, and was in extreme poverty till the revolution of 1830 restored his military rank, and made him a peer of France.—P. E. D.
LALLEMANT, Jacques Philippe, a French jesuit, controversialist, and ascetic writer, born about 1660. He took an active part in defending the principles and policy of the jesuits in several matters, and was zealous in his opposition to the jansenists, the treatment of whom he justified in a number of works, some of which were anonymous. He also published a French Testament, with notes, in opposition to that of Quesnel.—B. H. C.
LALLY, Thomas Arthur, Baron de Tolendal, Count de, lieutenant-general and governor of the French possessions in the East Indies, was born at Romans in Dauphiné in January, 1702. His family, adherents of the Stewarts, had emigrated from Ireland to France, where his father commanded the Irish regiment in the service of the French king. From boyhood a soldier in the French service, Lally distinguished himself at the siege of Kehl and Philipsburg, and was made by the king himself a brigadier on the field of Fontenoy—a victory mainly won by the Irish brigade which he commanded. Throughout his early career he steadily pursued the restoration of the Stewarts. He went on a secret mission to St. Petersburg to negotiate a Russo-French alliance with the restoration of the Stewarts for one of its objects. After Fontenoy he accompanied the French expedition to Scotland in 1745, and acted as aid-de-camp to Prince Charles. On the breaking out of hostilities between France and England in 1756, Lally was appointed to the chief command, civil and military, in the French East Indies, and undertook its duties with the determination to expel the English from India. He commenced operations by laying siege to Fort St. David, which surrendered after a month, on the 1st of June, 1758. A daring and skilful soldier, but of rigorous and inflexible character, Lally quarrelled with the French officials and residents, whom he denounced as rogues, outraged the caste-prejudices of the natives, and thus deprived himself of indispensable co-operation. His imperiousness seems also to have alienated some of the officers under his command. His siege of Madras was begun in the December of 1758, and his vigorous prosecution of it would probably have been successful, had it not been for a timely reinforcement from Bombay. With the arrival of Sir Eyre Coote, Lally lost ground. The French were routed by Coote at Wandewash, 22nd December, 1759; and in the hour of misfortune Lally's difficulties were aggravated by his disputes with the French officials. Place after place was taken from the French, until Pondicherry alone remained to them. After a gallant defence, August, 1760, to January, 1761, Pondicherry capitulated. The French East India Company and the French public threw the blame of all the disasters on Lally, who was abandoned to his fate by the government. After his arrival in Europe he insisted on proceeding from London to Paris to confront his accusers, and was thrown into the Bastile. The parliament of Paris, then the ready tool of tyranny, were his judges. After a tedious trial of two years, on the 5th of May, 1766, he was brought before his judges. Uncovering his breast and pointing to his scars, he said, "This, then, is the reward of fifty years of services." He was declared guilty of having betrayed the interests of the king and of the East India Company, and condemned to death. When the sentence was read to him in prison, he tried in vain to commit suicide with a pair of compasses. On the 9th of May he was dragged, with a gag in his mouth, on a hurdle through the streets of Paris to the place of execution, and judicially murdered. "Thus," says Mr. Mill in his History of British India, "had the French East India Company within a few years destroyed the three only eminent men who had ever been placed at the head of their affairs in India—Labourdonnais, Dupleix, and Lally. It did not long survive this last display of its imbecility and ignorance."—F. E.
LALLY-TOLENDAL, Trophime-Gerard, Marquis de, son of the preceding, was born in March, 1751. He had no sooner finished his studies than he commenced a long series of efforts to rehabilitate the memory of his unfortunate father. He had for a time the assistance of Voltaire, and after twelve years of labour the unjust sentence pronounced on the elder Lally-Tolendal was virtually annulled. Taking in the French revolution the side of constitutional royalty, he emigrated to England on the eve of the massacres of September, and received a pension from the English government. He returned to France after the 18th Brumaire, and with the Restoration played a prominent part in the discussions in the chamber of peers, advocating a moderate liberalism. He died on the 11th March, 1830. Among his works is an "Essay on the Life of Lord Strafford;" and there is reason to believe that he was the principal author of the Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, published under the name of her foster-brother, Weber.—F. E.
LA LUZERNE, César-Guillaume, Cardinal de, descended from one of the most illustrious families of Normandy, was born at Paris in 1738, and studied theology with great distinction at the seminary of St. Magloire. In 1762 he was made vicar-general of Narbonne, and in 1765 agent-general of the clergy. In 1770 he was elevated by Louis XV. to the ducal see of Langres. In 1787 he was called to the assembly of the notables, and in the following year was elected by his clergy as their deputy to the states-general. He quickly foresaw the approaching troubles, and in order to counteract the popular movement, he proposed the formation of a chamber similar in constitution and privileges to the English house of lords. Mirabeau devoted three of his Letters to his Constituents to the refutation of La Luzerne's views. He was for some time president of the constituent assembly; but seeing his counsels neglected, he returned to his diocese, and afterwards emigrated to Switzerland, from which he passed into Italy. In 1814 he returned to France, and was restored by Louis XVIII. to his see and peerage, of which he had been deprived by the concordat of 1801. He was shortly afterwards promoted to the rank of cardinal, and died June 27, 1821. His works were reprinted in a collected form in 1842 in 10 vols. 8vo.—G. BL.
LAMARCHE, Olivier de, was born about 1426, and died in 1502. He was a faithful and gallant follower of Charles the Rash, duke of Burgundy, and fought bravely at the battle of Nancy, where he was taken prisoner. He wrote largely and in various styles—memoirs, chronicles, moralities, and poems. The memoirs are still of substantial value to the historian.—W. J. P.
LAMARCK, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine-Pierre de Monet de, an eminent French naturalist, born at Barenton in Picardy in 1744. In 1760 he entered the army, and served for some time under Marshal Broglie, earning no little distinction for his gallantry. A troublesome accident and a very tedious recovery compelled him to leave the service, and changed his views in life. He began to study medicine, but his attention was soon distracted from that study and became fixed on natural science. After communicating a paper to the Academy of Sciences upon a meteorological subject he commenced the study of botany, into which he entered with great zeal. His first work was his "Flore Française," a description of all the plants indigenous to France. The arrangement adopted by Lamarck in this work was a novel one, intermediate between the artificial system of Linnæus and the natural method of Jussieu, but has not been followed by succeeding botanists. He meditated, however, a general work upon plants, but was diverted from his purpose by under-
