and the Egyptians were shown to some members of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; and at their suggestion, the committee of the society engaged him to complete and print them. He returned, accordingly, to Egypt, and after another residence of more than a year at Cairo, and of six months in Upper Egypt, he wrote his very popular and entertaining "Account of the Planners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians." In 1841 appeared his translation, with copious notes, of the Arabian Nights Entertainments, a faithful rendering of the original, and not a rifacciamento, like Galland's. Among his other works is the "Selections from the Koran, with introduction and commentaries," 1843. Mr. Lane is a member of the Oriental Translation Fund.—F. E.
LANE, Sir Richard, sometime lord-keeper of the great seal in the reign of Charles I., was born probably about 1585. He studied law at the Middle temple, and may be supposed to have practised in the court of exchequer, of which he was afterwards appointed nominal head, and his reports of cases argued in which in the year 1605-12 were published in 1657. He became reader to his inn in 1630, treasurer in 1637, and both his politics and his law recommended him for the post of attorney-general to the prince of Wales, to which he was appointed in 1634. On the impeachment of Strafford, Lane was retained as his leading counsel. During the seventeen days devoted to the investigation of matters of fact in connection with the impeachment. Lane was obliged to be silent. He obtained leave to be heard, however, on the question whether any of the charges amounted to treason in point of law. His able argument to the contrary was delivered, 17th April, 1641, and its effect was so great that the parliamentary leaders immediately changed their tactics, and next morning brought in the bill of attainder which proved fatal to Strafford. When Charles ordered the removal of the courts of law to Oxford, the parliament requiring them to remain at Westminster, Lane remained faithful to the royal cause, and went to Oxford. Here he was raised, January, 1644, to the nominal dignity of lord chief-baron of the exchequer. In the December of the same year he was appointed one of the three commissioners (Clarendon being among them) to negotiate in behalf of the king with the parliamentary commissioners at Uxbridge. The discussions turned chiefly on the "power of militia," which Lane argued resided solely in the king; but facts proved stronger than his law, and after a resultless conference of twenty days he returned to Oxford. During the campaign of 1645 Lord-keeper Littleton died, and the custody of the great seal was committed to Lane, who was sworn in on the 23rd October. When, in the May of the following year, Charles took refuge with the Scotch army, he appointed Lord-keeper Lane head of a council for the defence of Oxford. Receiving, however, later orders from the king to capitulate, Lane negotiated with Fairfax the terms of surrender, and was obliged to give up to the enemy his great seal, which was afterwards destroyed by order of the parliament. A lord-keeper with nothing to keep. Lane sought refuge in France, where he died in 1650. There is a full notice of this loyal and consistent lawyer in Lord Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, and one more brief in Mr. Foss's Lives of the Judges.—F. E.
* LANE, Richard James, lithographer, was born about 1800 in Hereford. He was a pupil of Charles Heath the line engraver, on quitting whom he was attracted by the then comparatively new art of lithography. The extreme delicacy of finish and refinement of Mr. Lane's lithographs contributed materially to the popularity of the art in this country. A large proportion of his drawings are portraits, including many of the Kemble family and other theatrical portraits, and some capital portraits of scions of the Bedford family after Landseer; but among the most pleasing of his productions are his facsimiles of the sketches of eminent painters, imitations of the drawings of Flaxman, &c. Of late years his pencil has been almost confined to copying court portraits. Among the best of these are the portraits of the queen, the prince consort, and their children, executed for her majesty, chiefly from the paintings of Winterhalter or from photographs. Mr. Lane was elected associate engraver of the Royal Academy in 1827.—J. T—e.
LANFRANC, Archbishop of Canterbury, was born in the year 1005 at Pavia, of which city his father was a magistrate. He studied rhetoric and law at Bologna, and practised for some time as an advocate in the law courts of his native city. Feeling this to be too limited a sphere for his activity, he established himself at Avranches and opened a school there, which was attended by numerous students of high rank. But by and by, disgusted with the world, he withdrew to the abbey of Bee, and devoted himself to a spiritual life. The story is that, being robbed and left bound in a wood, the monks found him and carried him to the monastery, where he was treated with so much tenderness, and was so much impressed by what he heard and saw, that he resolved to adopt the service of the church. In the course of three years he was chosen prior of the monastery, and distinguished himself by his controversy with Berengar of Tours as to the nature of the eucharist. Berengar and Lanfranc had been friends, and their doctrinal opposition became embittered by personal alienation. Like Anselm in the subsequent age, Lanfranc stood forth as the defender of the Roman church, and the materializing tradition which it had espoused. Berengar was the advocate of free agency and scriptural simplicity. Lanfranc's fame procured him the favours of his sovereign, William of Normandy, who made him one of his councillors, and appointed him to the head of a newly-established monastery at Caen. When William conquered England, and the see of Canterbury became vacant by the deposition of Stigand, Lanfranc was called to that important position. He accepted it with reluctance, 1070; but as soon as he entered upon his duties, his energy became conspicuous. He secured to the see more than its ancient primacy, he rebuilt the cathedral, he founded hospitals, and he ruled the church with a firm yet considerate hand. William intrusted him greatly with the affairs of the kingdom, and wrote to him from his deathbed in Normandy, his last dispositions as to it and the coronation of his son. He equally enjoyed the favour of William Rufus, and had the chief influence in the national councils till his death. May 28, 1089, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. Besides the great influence which he exercised as an ecclesiastic and supporter of the church of Rome, Lanfranc may be styled one of the precursors of scholasticism. In his controversy with Berengar, he was driven to the use of those dialectical weapons which became so characteristic of it. Anselm in the next age made a still more prominent use of the same weapons in his opposition to Roscelin, and in his elaborate disputations on the existence of God, and the nature and reason of the incarnation, was the immediate founder of the scholastic method and doctrines.—T.
LANFRANCO, Giovanni, Cavaliere, was born at Parma in 1581, and studied under the Carracci in Bologna. The grand cupolas of Correggio in his native city incited Lanfranco's emulation, and this spirit appears to have actuated him during his whole career; foreshortening became a passion with him. He followed Annibale Carracci to Rome, and assisted him in the Farnese palace, and became a few years afterwards himself the great master of fresco-painting in the Eternal city, where he executed vast works, especially during the pontificate of Paul V.—as the "Assumption of the Virgin" in the cupola of Sant Andrea della Valle, and the tribune of San Paolo a' Catinari, his last works. He was the special rival and persecutor of Domenichino, both at Rome and at Naples; in the latter place he repainted the cupola of the Capella di Tesoro in San Gennaro, destroying the previous work of Domenichino. He painted some frescoes in Florence; and he has executed also some good oil pictures, and etched a few plates. Lanfranco died on the day his frescoes of San Paolo a' Catinari were uncovered, 29th November, 1647. He was one of the first of the great Italian machinists, as those painters are called, who made extent and vastness the chief quality of their works. His masterpiece is the cupola of Sant Andrea, which is one of the triumphs of Italian fresco-painting; the figures are colossal, and some of the attitudes are remarkable for the truth and grandeur of their foreshortenings. On such works there is no place for the display of the ordinary qualities of the painter; the chief aim is a grand general effect, requiring chiefly power and energy in the artist, which Lanfranco had to a vast degree.—R. N. W.
LANG, Karl Heinrich. Ritter von, a German historical writer, was born at Balgheim, near Öttingen, 7th July, 1764, and died at his estate near Anspach, 26th March, 1835. After having studied law at Altdorf he entered the administrative service of Bavaria, and was successively promoted to important offices, till in 1817 he retired from public life. His works refer to Bavarian history and topography, and are full of learned research. He also left a satirical work, "Hammelburger Reisen," and two volumes of memoirs.—K. E.
