the Penny Cyclopædia; medical articles in the English Cyclopædia; lectures on food; translation of Kuchenmeister's Animal Parasites. &c. He also edited the Natural History of Deeside; the English Cyclopædia of Natural History; and is joint-editor of the Microscopic Journal.—J. H. B.
LANNER, Joseph Franz Carl, a musician, was born at Vienna, April 11, 1803, where he died in 1843. He early showed aptitude for music, and acquired proficiency as a violinist; not content, however, with the subordinate position to which his talents entitled him in the higher walks of art, he sought and attained distinction in a less important branch of music. He organized a quintet band for the performance of dance music, for which he composed his first waltzes; and he spent such extraordinary pains upon the training of this little party, as to produce a perfection of execution that had never been approached in dance playing. He gave promenade concerts, which were so successful, that in course of time he extended his band to a septet, and subsequently to a complete orchestra, and in this Strauss (who afterwards became Lanner's rival) was one of the performers. Lanner's concerts, unlike the London concerts of dance music, were real occasions for dancing; the interspersed operatic selections serving as opportunities to rest the dancers. They became so immensely attractive to all classes in Vienna, as to induce a social intermixture of high and low, such as has never been paralleled. He was certainly the first person to give artistic significance to dance music; and he is said to have been the originator of the series of five waltzes with a coda, as also of the modern quick waltz, distinguished from the slower melodies to which former generations danced. Lanner's great skill in instrumentation gave an especial charm to his music, which was still heightened by the rare nicety of its performance. So universal was the rage for his entertainments, that his death was regarded in Vienna with general regret.—G. A. M.
LANNES, Jean, Duke de Montebello, one of the most intrepid and skilful of the first Napoleon's marshals, was the son of a groom, and born at Lectoure in Guienne on the 11th of April, 1769. He picked up a little reading and writing from an old priest, and was apprenticed to a dyer. But the French revolution came, and the fiery Lannes bade farewell to his original handicraft, and in 1792 joined a battalion of volunteers, sent to swell the army of the Pyrenees. His courage and daring were appreciated by his comrades and superiors; and rising from the ranks he was a chef de brigade at the end of 1795. Involved in the disgrace which, after the fall of Robespierre, overtook the officers who had been connected with the terrorist party, he went to Paris and made the acquaintance of Napoleon, then under a similar ban. When Napoleon was appointed general of the army of Italy, Lannes was one of the volunteers who responded to his appeal, and soon was prized by his discerning chief. In command of a demi-brigade he fought at Millesimo, distinguishing himself then as at the passage of the Po, near Piacenza (for which he was honourably mentioned in Napoleon's despatch), and he was twice wounded at Arcola. In 1797 he was a general of brigade. He accompanied the French expedition to Egypt, and Napoleon on his return to France; aiding in the coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire. In the war with Austria he now commanded the advanced guard with which Napoleon crossed the Alps. He fought so bravely and skilfully at Montebello (June 12, 1800), that when he was made years afterwards a duke by Napoleon, his title was taken from the locality of that desperate struggle. At Marengo he commanded two divisions, and gained fresh laurels. From 1801 to 1804 he represented France at the court of Lisbon, demeaning himself with more of military bluntness than of diplomatic suavity. With the empire he was created a Marshal and Duke de Montebello. In the Austrian campaign of 1805 he commanded the left wing of the French army, and greatly distinguished himself at Austerlitz. In the Prussian campaign of 1806 he commanded the centre at Jena and at Friesland. Somewhat similar was the nature of his command in 1808 in Spain, whither he followed Napoleon. At the beginning of 1809 he was appointed to the chief command at the second siege of Saragossa, and reviving by his words and example the spirits of the soldiers, carried the city by assault. After a very brief interval of repose in France, he took the field again in the new war with Austria (1809), and by his skilful manœuvring in command of the right wing of the French army, mainly contributed to the victory of Eckmühl. He was wounded fatally, leading on his division on foot, during the second day of the battle of Aspern or Essling, at the very crisis of the terrible conflict. As the grenadiers bore him from the battlefield on their muskets, Napoleon, busy though he was, spoke to him kindly. He died nine days afterwards at Vienna. Lannes was one of the marshals to whose memory Napoleon always did ample justice, placing him above Murat and Soult.—F. E.
* LANNES, Napoleon Auguste, eldest son of the preceding, was born in July, 1801. Created a peer of France by Louis XVIII. in 1815, he was attached in 1829 to Chateaubriand's embassy to Rome. He seems to have leant towards the cause of the elder branch of the Bourbons after the revolution of the Three Days. But in 1835 he accepted the post of ambassador of France in Switzerland; and in that capacity demanded the expulsion of the present emperor of the French from the territories of the Helvetic Confederation. Ambassador to Naples in 1838, in 1839 he succeeded Molé for a short time as minister of foreign affairs, and returning to Naples in 1844 he negotiated there the marriage of the Duke d'Aumale with the Princess Caroline Augusta of Salerno. Appointed minister of marine and colonies in 1847, he had to fly after the revolution of 1848. Elected a member of the French assembly in the April of 1849, by the department of the Marne, he spoke little, but voted with the conservative majority. On the occasion of the coup d'état he made a faint show of resistance, and retired into private life. In 1858, however, he accepted the post of French ambassador at the court of St. Petersburg.—F. E.
LA NOUE, François de, called "Bras de fer," a renowned French general, born near Nantes in 1531. Of a noble family, he entered the army in youth, and first served in Italy. Returning to France, he joined the Calvinists, and on the outbreak of war took Orleans in 1567. At the battle of Jarnac in 1569 he commanded the rear guard, was taken prisoner at Moncontour, and afterwards overran Poitou and Santonge, taking several places. Losing his right arm at the seige of Fontenay, and ever after using an iron substitute, he received the sobriquet of "Bras de fer." Sent into Flanders with Genlis in 1571, he took Valenciennes. When forced to evacuate Mons, Charles IX. appreciating his probity and prudence, despatched him to bring the inhabitants of Rochelle to terms. In this he totally failed, and soon after, convinced that there was no safety for his party save in open war, joined the Rochellaise, and maintained the defence of their city for four years. On the conclusion of peace, La None entered the army of Flanders in 1578, and soon rose to the chief command. In 1580 he took Ninove, and made prisoner the Duke d'Egmont; but was subsequently taken himself by the Spaniards and cruelly treated for five years, until exchanged for the Duke d'Egmont by Phillip II. On the formation of the league he retired to Geneva in 1588, but soon after joined the royal army. Besieging Lamballe in 1591 he was struck by a ball, and died five days after at Moncontour, lamented by all as a brave soldier and a virtuous man. His "Discours Politiques et Militaires" won him a place among the best prose writers of his day.—R. M., B.
LANSBERG, Philip van, a mathematician and astronomer, was born either at Ter-Goës in Zealand or at Ghent, about 1561, and died at Middelburg on the 8th of November, 1632. He was a protestant pastor, first at Antwerp, afterwards at Ter-Goës, and lastly at Middelburg. He distinguished himself by his advocacy of the Copernican system, but fell into errors through his opposition to the discoveries of Kepler.—W. J. M. R.
LANSDOWNE, Henry Petty Fitzmaurice, third marquis of, son of the first marquis—better known as Lord Shelburne—by his second wife, daughter of the second earl of Upper Ossory. He was born at Lansdowne House, London, in 1780; and died 31st January, 1863. He received his earlier education at Westminster school. Like Lord Palmerston and Earl Russell, he was sent for a period to Edinburgh, where he was placed under the care of the eminent and amiable philosopher, Dugald Stewart. Edinburgh was then a nursery of intellectual and political liberalism, and Lord Henry Petty, as he was called, found congenial associates in the young Broughams, Jeffreys, and Horners of the Modern Athens. In the correspondence of Francis Horner there are several interesting allusions to the promise of Lord Lansdowne's youth. Writing to John Archibald Murray in 1801, Horner says:—"If Lord Henry has continued to improve that very strong understanding which he appeared to me to possess when I had the pleasure of knowing him, his society
