They selected King's Cliffe for their residence, and there Law continued till his death in 1761. For some time before removing thither he had imbibed the principles of Jacob Böhmen, which are applied in his "Way to Divine knowledge," and other works. It is worthy of remark that Law first excited strong religious emotions in the mind of Dr. Johnson, by the "Serious Call," and his influence in the case of Wesley and others is well known. His "Humble, Earnest, and Affectionate Address to the Clergy" is his latest, and one of his happiest efforts. As one of the chief revivers of evangelical religion in the Church of England, he deserves to be remembered.—B. H. C.
LAWES, Henry, the celebrated musician, was the son of Thomas Lawes, a vicar-choral of the cathedral of Salisbury. He was born in 1596, and received his musical education from Giovanni Coperario, at the expense of the earl of Hertford. In 1625 he was appointed pistoler, or epistoler, of the royal chapel, and at the end of the same year a gentleman of the same. After this he was appointed clerk of the cheque, and a gentleman of the private band of Charles I. In 1634 Milton's Masque of Comus, one of the brightest gems of English poetry, was written for the earl of Bridgewater, at whose mansion it was first performed. Henry Lawes composed the music, and performed the part of the attendant spirit. He taught music in the family of Lord Bridgewater, and Lady Alice Egerton was his pupil. Lawes was highly praised by Milton and Waller. Fenton says that "the best poets of Lawes' time were ambitious of having their verses set to music by this admirable artist." Indeed he not only composed music for the verses of almost every eminent poet of his time, but of many young noblemen and gentlemen who appear to have become song-writers from the pleasure of having him to clothe their verses in a musical garb. In his different collections there are songs written by Thomas, earl of Winchelsea; William, earl of Pembroke; John, earl of Bristol; Lord Broghill; Thomas Carey, son of the earl of Monmouth; Henry Noel, son of Lord Camden; Sir Charles Lucas; and Carew Raleigh, son of Sir Walter Raleigh. Many of the songs of these amateur poets possess great merit; and Lawes' three books of "Ayres and Dialogues" contain a body of elegant and spirited lyric poetry which deserves to be better known. The usurpation of Cromwell put an end to masques and music, and Lawes was dispossessed of all his appointments. The prefaces to Lawes' published works contain many sensible reflections upon the state of the art. In one of them he speaks of the Italians as being great masters of music, but at the same time that his own nation had produced as many able musicians as any in Europe. He censures the partiality of the age for songs sung in a foreign language, and in ridicule of it, speaks of a song of his own composition, which was nothing more than an index of the initial words of some old Italian song or madrigal. He says that this index, which he had set to a varied air, and when read together was a strange medley of nonsense, passed with a great part of the world as an Italian song. In another preface he says—"As for myself, although I have lost my fortunes with my master (of blessed memory), I am not so low to bow for a subsistence to the follies of this age, and to humour such as will seem to understand our art better than we that have spent our lives in it." At the Restoration Lawes was restored to his places in the chapel-royal, and composed the coronation anthem for Charles II. He died in 1662, and was buried in Westminster abbey.—E. F. R.
LAWES, William, a musician, brother of the preceding, was born in 1598; he too was educated under Coperario at the expense of the earl of Hertford. He became a member of the choir of Chichester, and was called from thence in 1622 to the office of gentleman of the chapel-royal; but afterwards resigning that situation, he was appointed one of the chamber musicians to King Charles I. He composed the music to many of the court masques of his time, two folio volumes of which are preserved in the music-school at Oxford. Fuller says that "he was respected and beloved by all who cast any looks towards virtue and honour." His gratitude and loyalty for his master were such, that he took up arms in his cause; and although, to exempt him from danger, Lord Gerrard made him a commissary in the royal army, yet the activity of his spirit disdained this intended security, and at the siege of Chester in 1645 he lost his life. The king is said to have been so much affected at his death, that he wore particular mourning for him. His compositions were for the most part fantasias for viols; but he wrote music for Sandys' version of the Psalms (printed after his death), and a few rounds and canons published in Hilton's well-known collection.—E. F. R.
LAWLESS, V. B. See Cloncurry.
LAWRENCE, Sir Henry Montgomery, K.C.B., an eminent Anglo-Indian officer and official, was the eldest son of the late Lieutenant-colonel Alexander William Lawrence of the county of Londonderry, sometime governor of Upnot castle, and who distinguished himself at Seringapatam. Born at Mattura in Ceylon in 1806, he was educated at the diocesan school of Londonderry, and afterwards at the military college, Addiscombe, entering in 1821 the service of the East India Company as a cadet in the Bengal artillery. He soon acquired a reputation as a very able and intelligent officer. Serving in the Cabul campaign of 1842 with Sir George Pollock, he was made a major, and afterwards filled two important political posts—first as assistant to the political agent in charge of British relations with Lahore, and then as British resident at the court of Nepaul. To his experiences in the former capacity we owe the work, at once amusing and instructive, which he published in 1845, "Adventures of an Officer in the Service of Runjeet Singh." He played a conspicuous part in the campaigns of the Sutlej, and for his services was made a lieutenant-colonel and a military companion of the bath. In the interval between the first and second Sikh wars he was resident at Lahore, and agent for the governor-general on the north-western frontier, and for his able discharge of his important duties was made a K.C.B. in 1848. On the annexation of the Punjaub in 1849, Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed by Lord Dalhousie president of the board for the reduction and government of the newly-acquired territory, one of the members of the board being his younger brother. Sir John Lawrence. Great was the success of his measures, civil and military, for the pacification and settlement of the Punjaub. Strongholds were dismantled; the population disarmed; the Sikh army disbanded, the most deserving among its soldiers being admitted into the British service, while the majority returned to the peaceful pursuits of agriculture; an armed police was established; and last not least, roads were made and works of irrigation executed on an extensive scale. In 1854 he became a full colonel and honorary aid-de-camp to the queen. At the outbreak of the Indian mutiny Sir Henry had been ordered by his medical attendants to revisit Europe, and was actually on his way to England. But, at the pressing request of the Indian government, he gave up his European visit, and proceeded to Lucknow as chief-commissioner in Oude. His measures for guarding against mutiny were very judicious. He did all that prudence and foresight could suggest to prevent an outbreak, while he rapidly fortified and provisioned the position which he had selected to defend. These precautions proved the salvation of the English in Lucknow. The mutiny at Lucknow broke out on the 30th of May. On the 1st of July Sir Henry occupied a room in the residency, very much exposed to the enemy's fire, but which no entreaties would induce him to leave. On the 2nd he was mortally wounded by a shot. Mr. Gubbins (in his Account of the Mutinies in Oude) has left a striking description of the death-bed of Sir Henry Lawrence, surrounded by his staff and the principal persons of the garrison, all in tears, while the enemy were pouring a heavy musketry-fire upon the place, and bullets were striking the outside of the verandah, within which the gallant Lawrence was dying. Amid the agony caused by the application of the tourniquet ("it was impossible," says Mr. Gubbins, "to avoid sobbing like a child"), Sir Henry calmly nominated his successor, advised economy in the use of the ammunition, and dwelt on the worthlessness of all human distinctions and worldly successes. In great suffering he lingered on till the morning of the 4th, when he expired. "Thus passed from among us," says Mr. Gubbins, "as noble a spirit as ever animated human clay." Of his benevolence and sagacity permanent memorials survive in the Lawrence asylum, and his published writings. For many years he devoted a portion of his official income to the establishment of the asylum for the orphan children of European parents in India, which bears his name and stands on the hills between Simlah and Umballah. His contributions to the Calcutta Review in the years 1844-56 have been collected since his death, and were published in London in 1859 as "Essays, military and political." Two of them on "the Indian Army," and on "Army Reform," written in the year preceding the mutiny, are most remarkable for their prefigurement of the calamity then approaching.—F. E.
